sailboat navigation light requirements

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USCG Navigation Lights Requirements

• By Boating Staff
• Updated: November 2, 2017

Powerboats under 12 meters (39.4 feet) in length must have separate or combined red and green sidelights covering 112.5 degrees and visible for 1 nautical mile. The white masthead light must cover 225 degrees, be 1 meter above the sidelights and be visible for 2 nautical miles. The white stern light must cover 135 degrees and be visible for 2 nautical miles, or you can substitute one 360-degree all-around white light. For larger boats, the sidelights must be visible for 2 nautical miles and the masthead light for 3 nautical miles.

Click here for complete USCG Recreational Boating Regulations.

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Boat Navigation Lights Rules: Illustrated Beginners Guide

When navigating at night, the lights on other boats are your first clue about the moving dangers around you. And your navigation lights are your first line of safety in avoiding collisions in the dark, and they tell others vessels what you are and what you are doing. The rules sound complex, but with a little understanding you can get the basics for any situation.

So what are the basic navigation light rules? For most small vessels, motoring requires red and green (port and starboard) lights, and a white light visible in all directions around the boat. This is almost always a stern light and a masthead light on sailboats. Boats under sail require port and starboard lights, and a white stern light. Sailboats below sixty-five feet may show a tricolor light at the masthead instead of side and stern lights when sailing.

That's it, in a nutshell. There's a little more to it, as the rules change with different sizes and there are some specifics about angles of display for the colors. Identifying other ships at sea requires more study, but the basics are the same. And it's not much trouble to make sure you've always got the proper lights on your vessel.

On this page:

What are the official colregs rules for your sailboat, what about the uscg (united states coast guard) rules, lighting at anchor, identifying the boats around you.

The International Regulations for the Prevention of Collision at Sea , abbreviated "COLREGS" is very specific about the lights required, their shapes and sizes, and the distance they must be visible. For the smaller boat, the following definitions apply.

• Masthead Light - a white light placed centerline on the boat showing an arc of 225 degrees with 112.5 degrees either side of the front of the vessel.
• Sidelights - A red light on the port side and a green light on the starboard. They must show an arc of 112.5 degrees from centerline of the bow.
• Stern light - A white light on the stern of the boat showing an unbroken arc of 135 degrees from centerline of the vessel.
• All-round light - A light showing in an unbroken arc of 360 degrees.

The good news is you need not measure these angles. Any properly installed USCG or COLREGS approved light which will cover the correct arcs. If you have to replace the original light from your boat, make sure it's with an approved replacement.

Lights When Sailing

The specific rules for a sailboat under sail are in COLREGS Rule 25 and vary slightly with the size of the boat. A sailboat powering is considered a power boat and falls under in Rule 23.

• Under 23 feet (7 meters) - side lights and a stern light, possible. If these lights can not be displayed a light must be kept at hand to help avoid a collision. This can be a bright flashlight.
• Over 23 feet - Side lights visible to one nautical mile and stern light visible for two.
• Vessels under 65 feet may combine both sidelights into a single lantern on the bow.
• May show a tricolor light on the masthead instead of sidelights and a stern light. It's one or the other though, do not show these lights at the same time .
• Masthead light must be visible for three nautical miles, all other lights must have a two nautical mile visibility.
• Side lights must be separated.
• May not show a masthead tricolor light.
• Masthead light must have five nautical mile visibility, all other lights must be visible for two nautical miles.
• Optional masthead lights - any vessel under sail may display a red light over a green light at the masthead with sidelights and stern light. The red over green may NOT be displayed with a masthead tricolor light. It's one set or the other.

Lights When Motoring

For all navigational purposes a sailboat under power is considered a power boat. This includes motor sailing - if the engine is on and providing propulsion you are on a power boat, even if the sails are up . This applies to navigation lighting, sound signals in fog and limited visibility, and rights of way.

Sailboats under 50 meters under power need to show:

• A masthead light
• Stern light

A power-driven vessel under 23 feet (7 meters) that does not exceed seven knots of speed may display an all around white light, though sidelights should be used if available.

The USCG has published its own "Rules of the Road" that are based on the COLREGS. In addition, it has rules for the "Inland Waterways" for rivers, inland lakes and the Great Lakes.

The good news is this has no impact on what you have to do with your own boat.

They mostly relate to lighting changes on towed vessels like barges and tugs. For example, a vessel towing or pushing another vessel in the ocean under COLREGS shows two masthead lights, sidelights and a stern light, whereas in Inland Waterways the towing or pushing vessel displays two yellow towing lights instead of a white stern light.

If you sail on lakes, rivers or the Great Lakes where towed commercial traffic is common you should learn the inland lights, but coastal or ocean sailors will never see these.

When you anchor outside a designated mooring field, you should display an all around white light at the masthead or as high in the boat as practical.

If your boat is large and has a very tall mast, you may wish to display another light closer to the waterline. Boats approaching in the dark may not see a light on a mast sixty or seventy feet in the air when they are close to your boat.

We use a simple garden path light on our stern when we anchor, left in a rod holder or flag socket. It comes on automatically at dusk and is a cheap and easy way to be more visible. There is no specific rule stating you can not display more lights than required, or the nature of any lights beyond the required all around light.

The COLREGS also specify that a round black "daymark" should be displayed in the rigging of any vessel at anchor. Very few small vessels observe this, however it is the correct display for a vessel in an anchorage.

If you tie to a mooring in a marked mooring area you are not required to display anchor lights, but there is no harm in doing so.

The other important reason to know your lights is to figure out what's going on around you at night. The water may be ablaze with white, red, green and other lights at night and they are your first key to avoiding collisions and problems.

All combinations of lights for fishing boats, commercial vessels, and so on are outside this post‘s scope. The odds are small you will encounter a submarine, seaplane or hovercraft at night, but there are regulations regarding specific lighting for each of those vessels!

There are a few fundamentals to help you figure out what that is you see on the horizon, which way it is going, and whether it is a danger to you.

Port Wine is Red

The fundamental rule is that red sidelights will ALWAYS be on the port side of a vessel, and green lights will always be on starboard. However, some vessels can use all around red and green lights for other purposes, though those will be higher than sidelights.

The light‘s on a ship is not important, some large tankers and freighters will have their sidelights far aft and put them on the superstructure for better visibility. It is not safe to assume that sidelights you can see are on the bow of large vessels .

When you can see the color, you know which way the bow is pointing. If it's red, it's pointing more or less to the left and will travel in that direction. A green light shows it is heading more or less to your right.

If you can see the red and green lights at the same time, you are looking directly at the bow of the vessel. When you are far away, this isn‘t as alarming as if you are close crossing. Seeing red and green lights together on a vessel is something you never want to see for long.

Be aware of red and green lights used in combination with other red, green and white lights. These may not be running lights and could have other significance.

Tankers, Freighters and Large Ships

Tankers, freighters and large ships will have side lights, a stern light and a masthead light. In addition, on vessels over 50 meters there will be a second masthead light further aft and higher than the forward light. The masthead light positions are a better tipoff to the bow direction and how far from the bow the sidelights might be. Remember - on a large vessel the sidelights may not be at the bow or even close to it.

USCG Inland Rules allow for a second all-around white light on large vessels on the Great Lakes instead of a second masthead light.

Fishing Boats

Fishing boats engaged in fishing will have more complex light displays. When they aren't fishing, they will show lights like any power vessel, but Rule 26 spells out light combinations that vary by the fishing activity being done. In general:

• Boats which are Trawling but not making headway will display a green all-around light over a white all-around light , and a masthead light aft of these lights. Boats making headway while trawling will show these lights, plus sidelights and a stern light.
• A vessel fishing other than trawling will show a red all-around light over a white all-around light . When making way they will also show sidelights and a stern light.
• If a vessel has gear more than 150 meters away from the boat, it will show a second all around light in the direction of the gear. The best rule is to give fishing boats as wide a berth as you can at night. They're easy to pick out if you check the top light configurations but their course may be difficult to predict.

Towing and Pushing

Towed vessels can be the most dangerous to cross, but they have the most lights to tell you what is happening. Refer to COLREGS or the USCG Rules of the Road Rule 24 for all combinations You can pick a tow/push vessel out with the following lights:

• Two or three masthead lights in a vertical line. Three masthead lights shows a tow over 200 meters. Additional masthead lights may show for larger tow vessels.
• A towing light (yellow light with the same characteristics as a stern light) directly above the stern light.
• The will also have side lights and a stern light.
• The towed vessel will show sidelights and a stern light. Lighting may vary under USCG inland rules, where towing lights may replace stern lights. Learn these differences if this is your regular cruising ground. If you think there is a tow ahead of you, always go well behind the aft most set of lights. Never go between a tow and avoid crossing ahead if possible as it may restrict their maneuverability.

Special Situations

There are several rare situations you may encounter. As a general rule, if there are a lot of lights and you don't understand them look for the sidelights on a moving vessel. If you can find them and figure out the direction it is moving, it makes the vessel easier to avoid. Stay well clear of lights you do not understand if you can avoid them without risk.

Most of these signals are used by larger, commercial vessels and you will not need them.

They use these light combinations with other light combinations. For example a towing vessel may also be restricted in maneuverability, and a vessel constrained by draft will show running lights if moving.

• Not Under Command - two all around red lights in a single line
• Restricted in Ability to Maneuver - red, white then red in a single line
• Constrained by draft - three all around red lights

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Boat Navigation Lights: Everything You NEED to Know (2024)

In many cases, boating at night requires the use of boat navigation lights, but boaters often have many questions about them.

They often wonder when they’re needed, what the requirements are for various locations and vessels, and more.

We’re going to do a deep dive into navigation lights for boat to see what you need on your boat, and when you need to use them. 

Legal Requirements

Types of navigational lights, which navigation lights are required on my boat , operators responsibility  , navigation lights .

On any vessel operating on or in US waters, there is a need for the operator to display navigation lights under certain circumstances. Their purpose is to make vessels aware of each other at night or in times of generally reduced visibility. This is incredibly important during times when you may not be able to see the craft itself.

Other than visibility, marine nav lights also help boat operators determine the size, direction of travel, and even the potential activity of another boat on the water. When an operator understands the type of information each light tells them, they will be better able to determine appropriate courses of action for potential situations.

Boat running lights are divided by location and color, and each of them has specific requirements with how they must be displayed and perceived. You are the one legally responsible for displaying proper nav lights on the boat, for displaying them at the proper times, and for understanding how to read them.

The US Coast Guard ’s legal navigation light requirements include guidelines for every aspect of light usage.

Their materials start by first defining the standard daily period during which they must be used, then they detail how many of each type of light is needed as well as where they are located. Each light also has constraints regarding its visible distance and the arc over which it can be seen. 

In the US, the Coast Guard says that any powered vessel that is under 39.4ft., may operate with boat nav lights in as little as two positions, an all-round light at the stern, and a set of sidelights at the bow. 

Vessels that are under 164ft. must have lights displayed in four positions, a stern light, a masthead light, and boat sidelights on both the port and starboard, near the bow.

The ship navigation lights also have minimum visibility distances, depending on the size of the craft. The minimum visibility for nav lights, even for small crafts, is one mile, with requirements that other lights on larger vessels be visible for up to 3 nautical miles.

Also read: Boating Rules and Etiquette On the Water

Boat lights come in 4 types, sidelights, stern light, masthead light, and all-round light. Lights only come in white, red, and green, and all have very specific jobs.

Masthead Light

The masthead light is the white light located about ⅔ of the way up the mast, rather than at the top as you’d think. This boat bow light is required when using motor power at night. To be acceptable, the light must have an arc of 225° and needs to be seen from 2 miles away.

Large boats can have up to 3 mast lights. If your boat is shorter than 39 ft., all 2-3 white mast lights can be combined, utilizing one larger white light at the top of the mast.

Color : White ARC : 225 degrees Position : Front of boat

Port Sidelight

The boating lights located on the port side of the watercraft are red and mounted so that boats can see as they approach either head-on or from the left. This light helps tell if a boat is coming towards you or if it is pointing away. The phrase “red, right, returning” means that if you see a boat with their red navigation light on the right, they are facing your boat. The only time it is not needed is when your boat is anchored for the night .

Color : Red ARC : 122.5 degrees Position : Forward, left side

Starboard Sidelight

If you are to approach a boat from the front or right, you will see the green starboard sidelight. With an ARC of 122.5 degrees, approaching boats will be able to see yours easily.

This light helps tell you whether or not you have the right of way, which is important when it comes to keeping both you and your passengers safe. These are some of the front boat lights.

This light will often be combined with the port light, in small boat navigation lights. When out in the water, if you see the green light, that means it is safe for you to go, as you have the right of way.

Color : Green ARC : 122.5 degrees Position : Forward, right side.

The rear boat light is called the stern light. It is used to mark the rear of the boat. The operator can infer from only setting a boat stern light, that they are directly behind the vessel. 

The stern light is white and is visible for an arc of 112.5 degrees on both the port and starboard sides, making a full arc of 225. Being able to see the red starboard side light as well as the stern light, should indicate the other vessel is traveling to the right from the perspective of the observer. 

Color : White ARC : 225 degrees Position : Stern

All-Around Light

One of the boat night lights that is required when on your boat between sunset and sunrise is the all-around light. This light is intended to be seen from any point and helps to tell what direction a boat is moving. This light is also used when a boat is stopped or anchored.

This anchor light is required to have an ARC of 360 degrees and should be visible for two miles. The all-around light is white and it is located at the top of your boat’s mast for maximum visibility.

Color : White ARC : 360 degrees Position : Top of mast

Tricolor Light

A tricolor light is a sailboat mast light that has your three types of bow light in one convenient piece of equipment. They are for sailboats that are smaller than 65.6 feet long. The point of this sailboat light is to increase your nighttime visibility. They are mounted at the top of the mast, allowing larger boats to see yours better. They are not permitted to be used by any boats with a motor. The only type of boat that can utilize a tricolor light is a sailboat.

Color : White, red, green ARC : 360 degrees Position : Top of mast

Towing Light

These yellow lights are important, as they indicate to other watercraft that, not only is there another boat nearby but that they are also towing someone as well. The light must be positioned at the back of the boat, as close to the stern as possible. The goal is to avoid having anyone run into the boat that is being towed, as there may be no lights showing where that boat is located. The boat lighting requirements when towing state that both sidelights, a stern light, and masthead lights should also be displayed.

Color : Yellow ARC : 135 degrees Position : Over fore and aft centerline of the boat

Law Enforcement Light 

Lights used by law enforcement on the water are flashing blue lights that can flash 120 times per minute or more. They can be used nearly anywhere that is convenient for the operator, provided they do not interfere with the function of the other lights.

This light may be displayed by any type of local law enforcement that is engaged in the course of their duty. This can apply to local, state, or federal police, as well as officials from wildlife and conservation departments, the Coast Guard, and more.

Color : Flashing Blue ARC : 180-225 degrees Position : Anywhere not interfering with other lights

Find your boat type below for the lineup of nav lights that you will need to safely operate after sunset and in other times of limited visibility.

Be sure you know which lights you will need to have on while underway, as well as at anchor or while towing. If you’re sailing, don’t forget that you are considered power-driven when using your motor.

Powerboat under 23 feet (7m) 

Powerboats under 23 feet are required to have the following navigation lights displayed:

• One white masthead light visible for 2 miles
• One red & green sidelight visible for 1 mile
• One stern light visible for 2 miles
• One white, red, green, or yellow all-round light visible for 2 miles

Powerboat Under 39,4 feet (12m)  

Powerboats under 39,4 feet are required to follow these boat light rules:

• One all-round light visible for 2 miles

Powerboat Over 39,4 feet (12m)  

Powerboats over 39,4 feet are required to have the following navigation lights displayed:

• One white masthead light visible for 5 miles, unless less than 20 meters, then 3 miles
• One red & green sidelight visible for 2 miles

Powerboat 39,4 feet (12m) to 164 feet (50m) 

Powerboats between 39,4 feet and 164 feet are required to have the following marine running lights displayed:

• One white masthead light visible for 6 miles
• One red & green sidelight visible for 3 miles
• One stern light visible for 3 miles
• One all-round light visible for 3 miles

Sailboat Under 23 feet (7m) 

Sailboats under 23 feet are required to have the following sailing navigation lights displayed:

• One white stern light
• One white mast lantern positioned at or near the top of the mast where it can be easily seen from a distance

Note: if it is not practicable for the vessel to display the prescribed lights, one all-round white light can be used or a hand torch, with enough time to prevent a collision.

Sailboat Under 65,6 feet (20m) 

Sailboats under 65,6 feet are required to have the following sailing lights displayed:

Tug Boat With Tow Length Under 656 feet (200m) 

Tug boats with tow lengths less than 656 feet are required to have the following navigation lights displayed:

• Two masthead lights in a vertical line
• Stern light
• Towing light in a vertical line above the stern light

Tug Boat With Tow Length Over 656 feet (200m) 

Tug boats with tow lengths longer than 656 feet are required to have the following navigation lights displayed:

• Three masthead lights in a vertical line
• A towing light placed vertically above the stern light
• A diamond shape visibly displayed

Anchored Vessel 

Vessels at anchor or aground are required to observe the following boat lighting rules:

• One white all-round in the fore
• One white all-round at a lower level than the fore, at the stern

If aground, the vessel should display two red all-round lights in a vertical line

Vessel Under Oars 

Vessels under oar power have similar requirements to follow as small sailboat lighting:

• One stern light

Or, alternately, one white all-round light or hand torch to be used to manually signal to avoid collision

Vessel Engaged in Fishing 

Vessels actively engaged in fishing are required to have the following marine navigation lights displayed:

• Two all-round lights oriented in a vertical line, red on top and white on the bottom
• One all-round white light for gear more than 150 meters from the vessel
• When making its way through the water, there shall also be sidelights and stern light

Vessel Engaged in Trawling 

Vessels engaged in trawling are required to fulfill the following boat light requirements:

• Two all-round lights oriented in a vertical line, green on top and white on the bottom
• One masthead light abaft and higher than the all-round green

Kayakers and Canoers 

Kayakers and canoers are required to have the following navigation lights displayed:

Alternatively, a hand torch or lantern which can be used to signal to avoid collisions

Personal Watercraft 

There are no established rules for navigation lights on personal watercraft, even though many of them are classified as a boat by coast guard standards. Personal watercraft are often not permitted to operate outside of the sunrise-to-sunset period, and so most manufacturers do not install or make possible the installation of navigation lights. 

Vessels Restricted in their Ability to Maneuver 

Vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver are required to have the following navigation lights displayed:

• Three all-round lights displayed as high a possible in a vertical line, red at the top, and white in the middle
• One masthead light

The USCG as well as state authorities hold the operator of the vessel responsible for the correct use and understanding of nav lights.

This means they also must make sure all of the lights used meet the requirements set forth by the authorities.

This also extends to ensuring that the lights are all installed for optimal visibility while underway, so if your cruiser rides high, make sure your lights are still visible.

What navigation lights do I need on my boat?

Boat light regulations state boats must have a pair of red and green sidelights, and an all-around white light that can be seen from 360°.

Why are navigation lights red and green?

Navigation lights for boats indicate to others which direction a boat is facing. The red indicates the left side of the boat, green is on the right.

What lights need to be on a boat at night?

Per the navigation lighting rules, it is crucial that you have your red and green navigation lights, as well as the white 360° light.

Which three colors are used for navigational lights?

The boat light colors are going to be green, red, and white. If you see a blue light, this generally indicates a government vessel.

Do I need navigational lights on my boat?

Yes, all boats are legally required to have the minimum red, green, and white boat safety lights

 when operating in the dark.

Why do boats have blue lights?

When you see a boat that has blue boat lights at night, that means that it is likely the coast guard or law enforcement.

Why is port red and starboard green?

The light on the starboard side of the boat is green because it is ‘safe’, as the steersman will be able to see other boats.

What does a single white light mean on a boat at night?

If you can only see a single white light on a boat at nighttime, you are likely seeing the stern light or the boat anchor light.

Robert Owens is the Chief of Content of Quicknav. Robert has been boating for over ten years and loves to share his experience on the water. His first boat was a dirt-cheap moderately beat up 2003 Bayliner 175, where he learned a tremendous amount about trailering, launching, docking, operating, and maintaining. He currently owns a Cruiser Yacht and is eyeing a sailboat.

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Navigation Lights for Sailboats (And How To Read Them)

Last Updated by

Capt Chris German

June 15, 2022

Navigation lights on a sailboat can be confusing. If you understand the reason behind why they are the way they are however, they can make a lot more sense.

At their heart, sailboats are really just a power boat and as such must adhere to all power boat rules such as navigation lights. Other times however, a sailboat is classified in a special category. They have a set of additional lights they CAN show as an option, but are not always required to do so.

That’s about as clear as mud if you ask me and I contend that that is where the confusion about lighting a sailboat begins.

Just because you can show a light to identify yourself in times of low visibility, does not mean you have to and then we add in a little sibling rivalry between power and sail and things get downright adversarial when it comes to navigation and the night.

Table of contents

The USCG says You’re a Power Boat Whether You Like It or Not

Much to the consternation of many a sailor who has earned a commercial license to drive their sailboat, when you received your credential from the USCG it says you are a master of steam and power across the top with no mention of wind as a source of propulsion.

It is not until you read the back pages of your little red book that feels like a passport and looks like a US Sailing credential, that you will see the term “sail auxiliary”. That is because most of the time the U.S. Coast Guard knows that you are primarily reliant on your mechanical power to propel your vessel.

It's a sad thing, but the days of commercially viable sail boats are done and all but the most select few even have sails let alone use them as their primary power source. All sail boats by law are powerboats, but not all powerboats are sailboats.

Navigation Lights for a Power Boat

As a power boat, you are required to show certain lights and have been required to do so before power was even invented. 

In the days of man powered vessels like the viking ships who relied on oars while in close quarters to power their vessels, they needed to show other boats, friend or foe, where they were by showing lanterns in the dark to identify themselves. As you know, it is a time honored rule among all the nations of the world both past and present, that you must avoid a collision at all costs while at sea and even the viking knew that you should not run into things.

By lighting the front and back of your boat, you could warn other boats of your presence as well as identify which way you were heading. As such there is a very specific rule in the Code of Federal Regulations Number 46 (CFR46 by common name) that spells out with detail how many, the color, the luminosity or brightness, the angle of visibility and the location of all of the lights required for navigation on every single boat, seaplane, submarine and other nondescript vessel conceived by man to date that they must show while underway in reduced visibility.

And there is no flexibility in the rules.

As such a power boat, and by extension all sailboats, MUST, without question show one green light on the starboard bow and one red light on the port bow and one all around white light or lights while operating in reduced visibility. These lights should shine at all 360 degrees of visibility with the bow lights shining at an angle of dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam and the stern lights shining 225 degrees dead aft. A forward facing masthead light that is white in color shall shine forward to comply with the directive that all vessels must carry an all around white light. For more read here .

As you can see, there isn’t much wiggle room when it comes to lights that must be shown.

Sailboats get a little flexibility with lights

Sailboats however, are a little different when they are in fact sailboats, which is only when you are entirely reliant on the wind for power and in no way reliant on any mechanical or manual means of propulsion. And for good reason.

Back in the day when men were men and sailboats were wooden, fire was a major concern. Sails were coated with wax and other flammable substances and the wood on boats was saturated with oils and grease. Even the ropes were plant materials saturated with oils to keep them pliable and strong.

Add those highly flammable substances to a parching environment like the sea and you had what was essentially a giant floating tinderbox.

Then tell that giant floating tinderbox that they need to identify themselves to the world at large at night using oil lamps with flames because batteries and lights were not invented yet. It didn't take very long or very many ships burning to the water line for the Governments to say to the sailboats, you get to do things a little different.

As such, sailboats are given special dispensation when it comes to lights aloft. They don't have to show an all around white light in their rigging because no one wanted to set their rig on fire with oil lamps 60 feet up in their rig.

However, when a sailboat takes their sails down such as when they are powered or at anchor, they must resume the display of an all around white light or lights aloft. That became a real challenge with aluminum masts and the disappearance of rat lines on the shrouds because there was no easy way to climb the rig and check the bulbs up the mast on a regular basis. 

Red over Green Sailing Machine

I have no idea where the history of this particular light comes from, but if you ever take a deck exam with the USCG, you better remember this mnemonic. An all around red light over an all around green may be displayed on a vessel during times of reduced visibility to indicate that a vessel is operating under sail power alone. 

I won’t even speculate on how or why they came up with this particular light configuration, but if you want to use these lights as a sailing vessel, you can do so, but that means that you will need three all round lights at the top of your mast, an all around white, an all around red and an all around green, just in that order.

The red over green is to be displayed in addition to the running lights or the red and green bow lights with the 225 degree stern light. As always, when the motor comes on, so does the steaming light or the forward facing white light that is also usually about ¾ of the way up on your mast to complete the requirement of an all around white light that indicates a power vessel.

What is a “steaming light” and why are you mentioning it now?

Most sailboat electrical panels will have a switch that is labelled “steaming light” and it will only come on when your anchor light is off. This is probably the most confusing part of sailboat navigation lights so if you are confused about this, you're in good company as most people are. 

A “steaming” light is named thusly, going back to the days of steam powered sailboats where when they fired up their boilers and doused the sails, they became a power boat once again. There aren’t too many steam powered boats, let alone steam powered sailboats, but the name stuck and it is a vestige of a bygone era.

Either way, when you fire up your motor, you turn on your “steaming light” and that locks out the all around white light which is used for anchoring to minimize the number of switches on your panel and reduce the number of wires in your mast. The fewer wires, the less chance of something not working or becoming disconnected.

The steaming light and the anchor light both go up the mast, but you can’t use an all around white light while using the 225 degree stern light at the deck level because to other boaters you would look like you have two white lights from the stern and that would be confusing.

The anchor light is used exclusively for anchoring while the steaming light is used to indicate you are a power vessel while underway.

As to why I am mentioning it now in the article, is because this would have blown your mind if I started with this subject cause it can be really confusing stuff.

Aspect Recognition with Lights

Remember when I said earlier that lights can help you tell others which way you are heading as well as tell you which way other boats are heading? That is called the aspect of the vessel and the USCG tests you on this for your deck exam as well. 

Knowing that the bow lights go 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on both sides or 112.5 degrees on each side, and the stern light faces 225 degrees aft for a total of 360 degrees of visibility, you can tell a lot about where a boat is heading and who has the right of way.

One thing that's easy to remember is red means stop and if you see a vessel's red light, it means stop as you are the give way vessel and approaching the other vessel from his port side. Conversely it works with green as well as that means you are approaching from the other vessel's starboard side and you are the standon vessel.

If you see a red and green light equally low on the horizon, that means your heading dead on into another vessel's path and conversely if all you see is a white light low on the horizon, it means you are overtaking another vessel power or sail, we don’t care because it is an overtaking situation. However, any time you do see a white light aloft in addition to the red and green bow lights, you know you are encountering a power boat.

Then there are angular approaches as well, where you see white and red or white and green light low on the horizon. You know in that case you are seeing a portion of the bow lights and stern lights from the side approaches of a vessel. Based on which direction those lights are heading, you can deduce which way that boat is going in relation to your boat.

So put it all together and you see a green light and a white light low on the horizon with a red over green light aloft, you know that you are approaching a sailboat that is traveling to your port and that might make you the standon vessel. That is of course, if we didn’t concern ourselves with windward and leeward and port tacks and starboard tacks, but that is a discussion for another article. So stay tuned when we talk about sailing rules and the right of way. But for now, do good, have fun and sail far.

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Capt Chris German is a life long sailor and licensed captain who has taught thousands to sail over the last 20 years. In 2007, he founded a US Sailing-based community sailing school in Bridgeport, CT for inner city youth and families. When Hurricane Sandy forced him to abandon those efforts, he moved to North Carolina where he set out to share this love for broadcasting and sailing with a growing web-based television audience through The Charted Life Television Network.

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Inspect Your Boat's Navigation Lights

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Navigation light inspections are a critical part of boat ownership. Don't take your red and green safety gear for granted.

I've never understood why so many vessels I inspect as a marine surveyor fail in their ability to comply with mandated navigational lighting requirements. I'd estimate the percentage is as high as 30% (or worse), an appalling rate when it comes to safety-related equipment. Imagine if your life jackets or fire extinguishers only worked 70% of the time when needed.

Most problems I see are maintenance issues (cloudy lenses, burned-out bulbs, broken wires), but an alarming number are improper initial installations by the manufacturer or blockage from aftermarket equipment installations by owners or dealers. It appears many either do not have a good understanding of the navigation rules governing installations or they shoot for (and miss) the bare minimum requirements, often at the expense of the end user.

Regardless of what the manufacturer did (or didn't) do, it's imperative to remember that when it comes to navigational lighting, it is your responsibility to ensure your boat complies with the rules. Here's how to make sure your boat is ready for the nightlife.

General Requirements

It's beyond the scope of this article to list every possible configuration or variation of lights, however, by way of example, a typical powerboat less than 65 feet while underway at night or in reduced visibility would require side lights, a masthead light, and a stern light. The side lights consist of a green light to starboard and a red light to port, both of which must cover an arc of the horizon (or sector) of 112.5 degrees visible from dead ahead to 112.5 degrees down each respective side.

The masthead light is a forward-facing white light on the vessel's fore and aft centerline showing an unbroken arc of 225 degrees and fixed to show the light from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel. The stern light, also a white light, must be visible from dead astern for an arc of 135 degrees (67.5 degrees on either side of centerline). You'll notice that adding the arc of visibility of the masthead and stern light yields 360 degrees, which is what they're shooting for coverage-wise. Vessels less than 39.4 feet in length have the option of exhibiting a single 360-degree white light in lieu of a separate masthead and stern light. (As a practical matter, you should be sure that the optional single 360-degree light will not interfere with your night vision.) Vessels anchored at night or in reduced visibility are required to display a single all around white light visible for 360 degrees.

This anchor light is being held in place with vice grips.

The stanchion on this poorly designed bow pulpit runs down the center of the navigation light from the front.

Another poorly placed stanchion reduces the degree of visibility of this side light.

Leaving the canvas down has blocked this stern light.

All boats must have the ability to display required navigation lights while operating at night and during times of reduced or restricted visibility (such as fog or heavy rain). Required navigation light configurations are based on a number of factors, such as a vessel's length, method of propulsion, or any special activity it's engaged in (e.g., trawling, towing). The type, arc, and color of navigation lights allow observers to determine a vessel's size, propulsion, and whether it's anchored or moving (and if so, its course).

For example, if you look over your bow and see a red light followed by a white light, you can assume a vessel is crossing your path from starboard to port and (depending on distance) it is the stand-on vessel (meaning it has the right of way) and you would be the give-way vessel. A single white light visible 360 degrees, on the other hand, indicates an anchored vessel or possibly a vessel that is aground.

The first step in determining if your vessel is compliant is to consult a copy of U.S. Coast Guard COMDTINST M16672.2D , aka the "Rules of the Road."

Using tape to hold this bow light in place has reduced the visibility by half.

This damaged anchor light is not going to be very visible to other vessels.

This old bow light has "fogged" from age and exposure to UV light, which will reduce brightness and visibility.

This old stern light has "fogged" from age and exposure to UV light, reducing the brightness and visibility.

Inspections

Once you've consulted the Rules of the Road and determined your navigation lights meet the requirements, next up is a physical inspection to make sure they're installed and operating properly. Start by turning on your running lights and then your anchor light, verifying in turn that each powers up and meets the visibility requirements mentioned in the Rules of the Road.

Look for issues such as the placement of equipment (e.g., dinghies, fenders, canvas) that could block visibility, burned-out bulbs, and poor lighting installations.

A good example of the latter is a masthead light that effectively blinds you when operating the vessel from the upper helm or fly bridge. Assume nothing and keep your eyes open for the unexpected, such as side light lenses (red port, green starboard) being reversed, a problem I've seen where lights have been replaced by well-meaning owners.

Sailboat owners may find it easier to verify the operation of mast-mounted navigation and anchor lights at night from the dock when they're more easily visible.

Next, take a good look at the lights themselves. Are they damaged? Are they burning brightly or dim, a problem that can be caused by UV damage or "frosting" of the lens, installation of the wrong type of bulb, or a poor quality light. Dirty lenses or corroded electrical contacts and switches can also cause problems.

Installing LED Boat Navigation Lights

Distance visibility (how far your navigational lights can be seen) is crucial and can easily be a case where meeting the letter of the law doesn't necessarily mean the spirit of the law has been satisfied. I've seen installations designed to meet the minimal requirements under perfect conditions (clear weather, minimal wave action) but fail miserably in less-than-ideal conditions, the very times you want to make sure you're seen. Problems range from poor location of the navigation lights (flush mounted sidelights in the hull below the rubrail are a good example of this) to the lights themselves, which are often too small or simply pieces of junk to begin with.

Don't be afraid to relocate factory-installed navigation lights to better comply with the requirements or replace them with brighter, more robust units. (If there is any question as to rule compliance or appropriateness of the lights, have an ABYC-qualified surveyor or other qualified person check them.) LED fixtures have become a popular choice, and the benefits are numerous — longer life (up to 100,000 hours in some cases), less power draw, sealed construction (eliminating corrosion), and not susceptible to damage from shock or vibration.

Do not, however, simply swap your incandescent navigation light bulbs with LED replacements. Navigation light fixtures are approved for use as a unit (i.e., bulb and fixture together), and simply swapping out the bulb of your current fixture does not mean the new combination will comply. Once you've verified everything is in good working order, record the types of bulbs required for all non-LED navigation lights and ensure you've got plenty of spares onboard.

Boat owners love lots of pretty lights, but you have to ensure that decorative light installations cannot be mistaken for navigation or law enforcement lights and that they don't impair the visibility or distinctive character of approved and properly placed navigation lights. You also don't want them to interfere with your ability to maintain a proper lookout. Haphazard installation of additional lighting must be avoided, and violations (resulting in fines or worse) can occur if those mood lights installed on your rig can be construed as a light required by the Rules for another vessel. For example, blue underwater LED lights can appear to be flashing if wave action is present, giving the appearance of a flashing blue light that only law enforcement vessels are authorized to use.

Finally, include checking the operation of all navigation lights as part of your predeparture checklist. It only takes a moment and you'll be doing yourself (and everyone else on the water) a favor.

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Frank Lanier

Contributing Editor, BoatUS Magazine

Capt. Frank Lanier is a SAMS Accredited Marine Surveyor with more than 40 years of experience in the marine and diving industries. He’s also an author, public speaker, and multiple award-winning journalist whose articles on boat maintenance, repair, and seamanship appear regularly in numerous marine publications worldwide. He can be reached via his YouTube channel “Everything Boats with Capt. Frank Lanier” and website captfklanier.com.

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Boat Navigation Light Rules and Requirements

Boat navigation lights are one of the most important pieces of safety equipment on your boat, along with personal flotation devices , boat fire extinguishers and boat ventilation systems .

As a boat owner or operator, you are legally responsible for using the correct safety equipment at all times. This is your responsibility whether your boat is moving through the water or you are at anchor, day and night, in all types of weather.

Did you know that boat manufacturers, importers and dealers are not responsible for equipping your boat with legally acceptable navigation lights ? Before you take to the water, check that your navigation lights are:

• the right size and type for your boat and chosen water activity
• the right color and intensity
• attached to the correct parts of your boat
• fully operational.

It’s important to learn all you can about navigation lights for safe, legal boating! Keep reading to find out which lights to use when.

What are navigation lights for?

Navigation lights allow you to see and identify other vessels, and allow other boats to see and identify you. There is not one simple way to use navigation lights; the way they are set up on your boat will indicate the size, activity, and direction of travel of your vessel, so that you and other boat operators can make good decisions and avoid collisions.

By understanding what navigation lights mean, you will be able to safely and legally navigate shared waters under a variety of circumstances.

Boat navigation light requirements

Paddleboats, rowboats and small sailboats generally do not need to display navigation lights, but most other boats are legally required to use some or all of the following:

• A green light to indicate the starboard (starboard sidelight) attached near the bow on the starboard side
• A red light to indicate the port (port sidelight) attached near the bow on the port side
• One or more white lights (stern light and masthead light)
• Other navigation lights , such as blue flashing lights for law enforcement vessels engaged in search-and-rescue (SAR) operations, or yellow lights for vessels that are towing or being towed

Each type of navigation light also has a defined arc of illumination and range of visibility. Angles of visibility must be met when the boat is underway, which means that if your boat rides at a significant bow-up angle, you may need to adjust your navigation lights to compensate.

You must always use navigation lights between sunset and sunrise or in reduced visibility, but there are some exceptions during clear, daytime boating.

Note: It is also important to keep a flashlight on board as a temporary replacement, in case a navigation light burns out.

Boat navigation lights while underway

While your boat is underway, you are legally responsible for displaying the right type of navigation lights. Choosing the right lights depends on several factors, including:

• Whether your boat is powered by an engine (in full or in part)
• The size of your boat , measured in length
• Your boat’s speed
• Where you are boating (inland, international water, etc.)
• Whether you are at anchor.

Remember that your navigation lights must be visible and easily identifiable as such. Other lights on your boat cannot be mistaken for navigation lights, or get in the way of your navigation lights

Sailboat navigation lights

If you are operating a sailboat or nonpowered boat such as a canoe, kayak or rowboat, you still need to use the correct configuration of navigation lights for your boat size and boating circumstances. For comprehensive detailed instructions on navigation lights please refer to the USCG resource. The following are general guidelines:

Sailboats or vessels using paddles or oars, under 23 feet in length:

• One white navigation light (or lantern or flashlight) that is visible from 2 nautical miles away between sunset and sunrise or during periods of low visibility. In the presence of another vessel, the light must be displayed in time to avoid a collision.

Sailboats between 23 and 65.6 feet:

• One white stern light visible at 135 degrees and from 2 nautical miles
• One green starboard and one red port sidelight, visible across 112.5 degrees from one nautical mile away
• A tricolour light, which is a single all-around light which includes the three coloured of lights indicated above, facing the same directions, visible from a distance of 2 nautical miles. This type of light can only be used when under sail, and never when using a motor regardless of whether the sails are hoisted. It may not be used at the same time as regular sidelights.

Powered boat navigation lights

If you are operating a boat with an engine (including sailboats with motors), between sunset and sunrise or under conditions of restricted visibility, you need navigation lights.

Powered boats under 39.4 feet:

• One all-around white light, visible from all directions (360 degrees) from two nautical miles away. This light must be attached at least 39 inches above the sidelights.

Recreational powered boats between 40 feet and 164 feet:

This size of boat requires two white lights which, combined, make up 360 degrees of visibility:

• A white masthead light at the bow, visible across 225 degrees, from 2 nautical  miles away. This light must be attached at least 8 feet above the gunnel.
• A white stern light at the stern, visible across 135 degrees and from 2 nautical miles away.

In addition to:

• One green starboard and one red port sidelight, visible across 112.5 degrees from one nautical mile away.

Boat navigation lights at anchor

When your boat is anchored at a dock, it is not necessary to turn on your navigation lights. However, if you are at anchor in an undesignated area, you need to make other boats aware that you are not moving by displaying an all-around white light where it will be easily visible to any other boats in the area.

Diving lights

If you are boating in a resort area or anywhere there are sunken wrecks or coral reefs, keep in mind that there could be diving activity. Keep your distance and stay alert to the possible presence of divers underwater.

Boats that are accompanying divers must display:

• Three vertical masthead lights in a red-white sequence.

Interpreting boat navigation lights

Installing and using the right navigation lights on your boat is very important, but to navigate safely, you also need to be able to interpret the navigation lights on other boats.

Remember, you may not always be boating under ideal circumstances. Make sure you learn to understand navigation lights and the United States Coast Guard rules of navigation , also called the Rules of the Road , thoroughly, so that you can make good decisions quickly, as needed.

Do you see a green light over a white light? This indicates a fishing vessel that is actively trawling. It may be necessary to avoid not only the boat, but also a large net.

Do you see a red light to the left, with two white lights to the right? Understand that you must yield to the other boat.

There are many other configurations you need to be familiar with to operate your boat safely.

Avoiding collisions

Remember, navigation lights are only a tool. You must also maintain a proper look-out at all times, by sight and hearing, to responsibly avoid collisions. Skippers must drive at an appropriate speed so that you can take effective action to avoid colliding with another vessel or body under or on the water.

Factors like visibility, traffic density, the maneuverability of your vessel, the presence of other lights from shore or scattered boat lights, the state of the sea and the draft in relation to the available depth of water must always be taken into consideration. Radar equipment may also pose certain limitations or offer certain benefits to navigating safely.

It is the boat operator’s responsibility to do everything in their power to avoid a collision, including but not limited to the correct display of navigation lights.

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What you need to know depends in part on where you intend to go boating, the size and type of boat you will use, and what type of activity you will be engaged in, but there are many basic rules and regulations that you are legally obliged to follow no matter what the circumstances.

You can get your official state-approved online boating license today! Sign up for our fun and engaging boating safety course to get started.

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Ultimate Guide To Marine Navigation Lighting

If you drive a car or even ride a bicycle, you might be well aware of the necessity of lighting systems (though in the second case the word ‘system’ doesn’t quite apply) for the safety of you and the people around you. The thing applies just as well for ships. But since they are much larger than a car, the lighting system or navigation lights on ships is a little bit more complicated as well. Marine navigation lighting is also one of the most critical aspects of nautical studies.

It is mandatory for boats of all sizes to have a navigation system . This is to make sure that the chances of any significant accident are minimized. The United States introduced the system in 1838, and the United Kingdom followed suit. Before being internationally adopted in 1897 suitable guidelines were established by the International Maritime Conference which was established in 1889. Three colors were chosen that were to be used for the light colors. They were red, green and white.  This was based on a set of rules specified by the US and are followed around the world to this date.

This article discusses the different rules and regulations of using navigation lights, their importance, and also some basic marine navigation lighting systems along with their positions and ranges.

Marine Navigational Lights, Rules and Regulations

A standard pattern of marine navigation lighting is followed for the identification of both the vessel as well as the IALA buoyage system at night. If you are required to move from sea to a channel you need to have a list of all the IALA as well as the other fixed navigational lights that are visible on entering the channel. This includes distant lighthouses as well.

If you also make a note of the inland features like the radio and television transmitter masts it will benefit you because they act as good navigational aids due to their height and warning lights.

The helmsman should not be using any bright light source in the cockpit area and should rather take the aid of red lights and very dim white lights in the galley and navigation area. This is because he needs to preserve his night vision so that he can accurately interpret both the buoyage marine navigation lights as well as the boat navigation lights of other vessels.

The nautical almanacs contain the details of each and every visible maritime light signal coming from navigational markers that are both inside and outside the channel.

All the details about any particular light can be found in a published list or on a marine navigational lights chart: its color, period, and in some cases even the elevation and range of the beacon. Use the chart to keep a tag on the lights you are passing by putting a tick mark on the lights that you are about to pass and as the boat sails past, the tick is checked.

You will get two visual clues to figure out how far you are away from a buoy. The light will elevate from the horizon at 0.5 nm and at about 200m, the light will reflect on the surface.

Position of Boat Navigation Lights

Most of the variations that can be found in the different vessels can be read about in most almanacs. At the very basic level, a vessel needs to show a red light to port and green light to starboard. Depending on the size of the vessel, one or more colored or white lights are used as well.

For vessels that are 12 ft in length or shorter, the navigation lights must be visible from a range of one nautical mile and for the ones that are longer than 12 meters the required visibility range is 2 nautical miles.  From 5 degrees above to 5 degrees below the horizontal happens to be the required minimum intensity in a vertical sector.

International Navigation Rules state that the boat navigation lights should be placed above the uppermost continuous deck. In case separate fixtures are used for the red and green sidelights, the masthead or all-round white light is placed as close as possible to the vessel’s fore and aft centerline. The masthead or all-around light needs to be positioned at least 1 m or 3.3 ft above the sidelights.

Following are the basic positions of navigational lights. We will discuss the same in greater detail ahead.

Also read: What Is A Marine Sextant?

Boat Navigation Light Regulations

Several rules and specifications are related to the type, size, layout, arc, and distance of visibility of boat navigation lights used by all vessel types which are collectively known as the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea or COLREGs . The navigational lights used are known as ‘COLREG lights and shapes. A boat might be anchored or underway, under sail or power, or fishing or trawling. These various situations can be communicated through multiple combinations of boat navigational lights.

In addition to the primary navigation lights, vessels may also display one or more steaming lights. These lights are very useful for it gives details about the various aspects of the ship like whether it is in the sail or under power, the direction in which it is going and, in some cases, even the size of the vessel. If a ship is engaged in a specific task that might involve certain restrictions, that too can be indicated with some extra boat lights.

Always maintain the lighting system and display the correct navigation light combination to make other vessels in the vicinity aware of your course and state as to whether your vessel is under power or not. If you follow this a considerable amount lowers the chances of a collision. Here is a list that you might use to familiarise yourself with the basics of the lighting system.

• Basic Navigation Light White Light : Small dinghies that are 7m or less in size are required to carry a torch having a white light that can be flashed when needed.
• All-Round White Light: An all-round white light is expected to be displayed by a small boat, up to 7ft long that is under power and can go beyond 7 knots of speed. This light must be visible at an angle of 360 degrees and from two miles away. An all-around white light is also used when the boat or vessel is at anchor but not at a designated anchoring area. This is to make sure that the ship is visible to all the nearby ships to avoid any accidents.
• Stern and Combined Side Lights : A stern light is a white light that is installed at the end of a boat.  A vessel that is over 7 m or 23 ft in length is expected to show red and green sidelights when sailing. Each of these lights needs to cover an arc of 112.5°. The sidelights may be combined in one lantern at the bow when below 25 m or 65 ft. The white stern light can be seen over an arc of 135°. These lights need to be visible from a distance of a mile and need to be placed 39 inches below all white lights for boats of lengths equal to or less than 12 ft.
• Masthead Light : A combination of sidelight and stern light in a tricolor combination may be used sailing yachts of heights 20 m or lower.  A masthead light is required by vessels of lengths between 39.4 ft and 65.6 ft. It is placed in the masthead whose height provides excellent visibility. Still, stern lights and sidelights should be fitted separately in case of or use under power along with steaming light. This kind of light needs to be visible across an angle of 225 degrees and from a minimum distance of 2 miles.
• Separate Lights : The displaying of the tricolor masthead light is not allowed in the case of yachts that are longer than 20 m or 65 ft. Instead, they use them separately. Often on large sailing vessels, these all-around, red over green lights are present. These red and green sidelights need to be visible from a distance of one mile and across an angle of 112.5 degrees.
• Steaming Lights Combined Lights : A combination of the masthead and stern light are used in the case of power crafts that are less than 20 m or 65 ft in length. The arrangement is present at the bow.
• Single Steaming Light : Visible over a 225 degrees arc, a masthead steaming light is used by power-driven vessels that are up to 50 m or 160 ft long. Separate stern lights and sidelights are used in case of a length exceeding 20 m or 65 ft.
• Two Steaming Lights: Power-driven vessels that span over 50 m or 160 ft in length display two masthead steaming lights. The forward light placed lower than the aft light with both of them being visible over an arc of 225° with the sidelights and separate stern light.

The area of the nautical lighting system is a precise business and requires some amount of study and a good deal of responsibility. It is because its application forms a core element in safe marine navigation.

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Understanding Boat Navigation Lights

Boat navigation lights are essential when you’re out on the water. They’re essential, but it’s easy to misunderstand their uses and correct placements.

If you don’t know the correct placement for your stern lights or know what type of navigation light you need on your mast, don’t worry: we’re here to help. Below, we’ve got an overview of everything you need to know about boat navigation lights: what type of navigation lights you need, where to put them, and why you need to use them.

So without further ado, let’s learn more about boat navigation lights.

What navigation lights are required on a boat?

The U.S. Coast Guard Navigation Rules, International-Inland encompasses lighting requirements for every description of watercraft. The information provided there is intended for powerboats and sailing vessels less than 20 meters. The various options are illustrated.

The U.S. Inland Rules apply inside the demarcation lines at the entrances to inlets, bays, rivers, etc. The demarcation lines are shown on coastal charts as magenta dashed lines. Once outside of the demarcation lines, International Rules apply.

Powered Vessels

Power boats less than 20 meters shall exhibit navigation lights as shown in Figure 1. (Note: 2 masthead lights are optional for vessels under 50 meters. Vessels over 50 meters will display two masthead lights.)

Vessels of less than 12 meters in length, may show the lights in either Figure 1 or Figure 2.

Powerboats less than 7 meters whose maximum speed cannot exceed 7 knots may exhibit an all-round white light, and if practicable sidelights instead of the lights prescribed above, in international waters only.

Sailing Vessels and Vessels Under Oars

Sailing vessels less than 20 meters may exhibit the navigation lights shown in Figures 3 or 4.

Another option for sailboats is to use a single combination lamp at the top of the mast as shown in Figure 5.

Sailing vessels less than 7 meters may carry an electric torch or lit lantern showing a white light to be displayed in time to prevent collision (see Figure 6 – left picture).

If possible, the lights prescribed for sailing vessels less than 20 meters should be displayed.

Vessels under oars may display the lights prescribed for sailing vessels, but if not, must have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light to be displayed in time to prevent collision (see Figure 6 – right picture).

Small boats can benefit from using a temporary LED light with a suction cup attachment if permanent fixings aren’t possible.

Shapes and Lights

To alert other vessels of conditions that may be hazardous, there are requirements to display lights at night and shapes during the day.

Anchored Vessels

Powered vessels and sailing vessels at anchor must display anchor lights. An anchor light for a boat less than 50 meters in length is an all-around white light visible for 2 miles exhibited where it can best be seen (see Figure 7).

Vessels at anchor shall exhibit forward where best seen, a ball shape (see Figure 8).

Vessels less than 7 meters are not required to display anchor lights or day shapes unless anchored in or near a narrow channel, fairway or anchorage, or where other vessels normally navigate.

Anchor lights are not required on vessels less than 20 meters, anchored in special anchorages in inland waters designated by the Secretary of Transportation.

Sailing Vessels Under Power

Vessels under sail also being propelled by machinery, must exhibit forward where best seen, a conical shape with the apex pointing down (see Figure 9).

Vessels less than 12 meters are not required to exhibit the dayshape in inland waters.

Sailing vessels operating under machinery, or under sail and machinery are considered as powered boats and must display the lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel.

Restricted Maneuverability

The Navigation Rules require vessels restricted in their ability to maneuver to display appropriate day shapes or lights. To meet this requirement, recreational vessels engaged in diving activities may exhibit a rigid replica of the international code flag “A” not less than one meter in height or at night display the navigation lights shown in Figure 10.

This requirement does not affect the use of a red and white divers flag which may be required by state or local law to mark a diver’s location. The “A” flag is a navigation signal indicating the vessel’s restricted maneuverability and does not pertain to the diver.

Navigation lights should be checked prior to departing the dock and you should always carry spare bulbs. The USCG doesn’t care if they were working when you left, only that they are working when required.

Where do navigation lights go on a boat?

The current navigation light requirements are found in the Navigation Rules, International-Inland, and in Parts 81, 84, and 89 of Title 33, Code of Federal Regulations . They’re easy to find, but many sailors and boat manufacturers do not have a good understanding of the rules governing the proper installation of navigation lights. To help clear up any misunderstandings here’s all you need to know:

Sidelights that are installed in the contour of the bow without providing a mounting surface tooled to be parallel with the fore and aft centreline of the boat are not in compliance with the Inland or International Navigation Rules. Depending on the breadth of the boat near the bow and how far aft from the vessel’s stem the lights are mounted, this shift can be more than 20 degrees in some cases. Installing the fixtures too far aft of the vessel’s stem may result in the sidelights not being visible from a position dead ahead.

Another factor in the proper installation of sidelights is that they must maintain their required minimum intensity in a vertical sector from 5 degrees above to 5 degrees below the horizontal. They must also maintain at least 60 percent of their minimum required intensity from 7.5 degrees above to 7.5 degrees below the horizontal. Installing flush-mounted sidelights, designed to be mounted to a vertical surface in the hull contour, without providing a mounting surface tooled to be vertical, shifts the vertical coverage sector. This also results in non-compliance with the Inland or International Navigation Rules.

Additionally, most of these flush-mounted sidelights are installed below the vessel’s rub rail. International Navigation Rules require that sidelights be installed above the uppermost continuous deck. Therefore, this configuration would not be in compliance with International Navigation Rules.

When separate red and green sidelight fixtures are used, the masthead light or all-round white light, whichever configuration is installed, must be located as close as practical to the vessel’s fore and aft centerline. For vessels less than 12 meters in length, the masthead light or round lights may be displaced from the fore and aft centerline providing that the sidelights are contained within a common fixture and mounted on the vessel’s fore and aft centerline. The masthead or round lights must be installed at least one meter (3.3 ft.) above the sidelights.

Which navigation lights are you required to display when anchoring your boat for the night?

Boating at night (or in reduced visibility) can present some special challenges. Not only is your depth perception lessened, but bright lights on the shore can also cast misleading reflections on the water and if you wear glasses, or worse yet bifocals, you simply don’t see as well at night as you do during the day.

It is not only important that you be able to identify other vessels operating in your proximity, it is equally important that other vessels see you. Most recreational vessels are less than 30 feet in length and, according to the Rules of the Road, shall be equipped with navigation lights.

These lights not only have a certain arc through which they can be seen but must be seen from a minimum distance. The following lighting requirements are for recreational vessels less than 12 meters in length. (approximately 39.4′)

The arc of the lights and color allows you to determine the direction a boat is moving. How good are your boat’s lights? You should test them to check your nighttime visibility, or you might land yourself in hot water with the Coast Guard.

Whether on a trailer or at the marina, switch on your lights and see how well they can be seen. Walk away from the boat or row away, if you are at anchor or at a mooring, and see how visible the lights are as you move further away. How easy are they to see against the background of lights onshore?

Does your stern light shine dead astern over the required 135º arc or does it shine to one side or up or down? Can it be seen from the required 2 miles and why is that important? As an example, let’s say that your stern lights can only be seen for 1/2 mile. You are underway at 8 knots and a large ship is approaching at 15 knots. The ship is only 4 minutes away from a collision with you. By the time the ship “might” see you, identify the light, and decide on how to move, it is too late. A ship traveling at 15 knots may take miles to stop.

Look at the stern lights again, as you move from the stern toward the bow, does the stern light “disappear” as the sidelight “appears”? The stern light should disappear and sidelight appear at 22.5º abaft the beam. If you don’t see the green starboard sidelight or the red port side light when the stern light disappears there is a problem with the arc of one or all these lights. This means that if another boat were approaching you at the angle where no lights are seen there is an increased risk of collision.

If both the stern lights and side lights are seen brightly at the same time you still have a problem. A boat approaching won’t know whether they are overtaking or crossing and whether they should give-way or stand-on.

You should also check to make sure that your masthead light disappears at the same time each side lights disappear and they both disappear when the stern light appears.

Check your sidelights from dead ahead. You should see both red and green. However, by moving toward one side just 1-3º you should then see only one light. If you still see two lights, an approaching boat won’t be able to tell which direction you’re are going.

It is very important to be seen from a distance but also for an approaching boat to be able to determine your direction of travel.

When boating at night remember the following: “When two lights you see ahead, turn your helm and show your red”.

About Chris

Outdoors, I’m in my element, especially in the water. I know the importance of being geared up for anything. I do the deep digital dive, researching gear, boats and knowhow and love keeping my readership at the helm of their passions.

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Robert Hogward on September 12, 2021

Thanks for writing this post. I can either place them on the exterior or interior for decorations. Placing them on the exterior side is helpful when I go fishing and indulging in other night activities in the water.

Dalton Bourne on July 26, 2022

We love the lights! We put lights from Seaponer on my Jon boat right above the water line and use them for night fishing! The amount of brightness it offers is an assurance of my boat’s being seen clearly during the night. At the same time, the LED lights don’t consume too much energy, leading to a life span of up to 50,000 hours. 

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Boat Navigation Light Types & Requirements: A Comprehensive Guide

Boat navigation lights are a crucial component of boating safety, especially during low visibility conditions. Navigation lights are required by law to be installed on all boats and must comply with specific regulations. There are different types of boat navigation lights, and each has its own set of requirements.

Table of Contents

Understanding Boat Navigation Lights

Boat navigation lights are an essential aspect of boating safety, especially during low visibility conditions such as nighttime or foggy weather. Proper use of navigation lights ensures that other boaters can see and avoid your vessel, reducing the risk of collisions.

Navigation lights come in different types and are required by law to be installed on boats of certain sizes and types. The specific requirements for navigation lights vary depending on the type and size of the vessel, as well as the type of waterway being navigated.

The most common types of navigation lights are sidelights, stern lights, and masthead lights. Sidelights are colored lights, with red on the port side and green on the starboard side, that show an unbroken arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees. Stern lights are white lights that shine aft and are visible from behind the vessel. Masthead lights are white lights located at the top of the mast that shine forward and are visible from the front of the vessel.

The rules for displaying navigation lights are detailed in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS). These regulations specify the type, color, and placement of navigation lights for different types and sizes of vessels. For example, power boats less than 20 meters in length are required to display navigation lights as shown in Figure 1, while vessels less than 12 meters in length may show the lights in either Figure 1 or Figure 2.

It is important for boaters to understand the requirements for navigation lights and to ensure that their vessels are equipped with the appropriate lights. Failure to display the correct navigation lights can result in fines or even accidents. Boaters should also be aware of the lights displayed by other vessels to help avoid collisions and ensure safe navigation.

Types of Boat Navigation Lights

Boat navigation lights are essential safety equipment that helps boaters navigate waters between sunset and sunrise and in events with reduced visibility such as rain and fog. Navigation lights are required by law for all boats that operate at night or in low visibility conditions.

There are different types of navigation lights available for boats, each with its own unique purpose and placement. The following are the most common types of boat navigation lights:

Stern Lights

Stern lights are white lights that are mounted on the stern of a boat. They are used to indicate the position of the boat’s stern to other boats on the water. Stern lights must be visible from a distance of at least two nautical miles.

Bow lights are red and green lights that are mounted on the bow of a boat. They are used to indicate the position of the boat’s bow to other boats on the water. The red light is mounted on the port side of the boat, while the green light is mounted on the starboard side. Bow lights must be visible from a distance of at least one nautical mile.

Masthead Lights

Masthead lights are white lights that are mounted on the masthead of a boat. They are used to indicate the position of the boat to other boats on the water. Masthead lights must be visible from a distance of at least two nautical miles.

Sidelights are red and green lights that are mounted on the sides of a boat. They are used to indicate the position of the boat to other boats on the water. The red light is mounted on the port side of the boat, while the green light is mounted on the starboard side. Sidelights must be visible from a distance of at least one nautical mile.

All-Round Lights

All-round lights are white lights that are mounted on the top of a boat. They are used to indicate the position of the boat to other boats on the water. All-round lights must be visible from a distance of at least two nautical miles.

Boat Navigation Light Requirements

To ensure safe boating, it is crucial to follow the regulations set by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) regarding navigation lights. The USCG requires all vessels to have proper navigation lighting, which varies depending on the size and type of boat. Here are the essential requirements for boat navigation lights:

Size of Boat

The size of the boat determines the type of navigation lights required. According to the USCG, boats less than 7 meters (23 feet) must have an all-round white light, while boats between 7 and 12 meters (23 and 39 feet) must have separate or combined red and green sidelights covering 112.5 degrees and visible for 1 nautical mile. Boats over 12 meters (39 feet) must also have a masthead light and a stern light.

Visibility Range

The visibility range of navigation lights is also an essential requirement set by the USCG. Navigation lights must be visible for a specific distance depending on the size of the boat. Boats less than 12 meters (39 feet) must have navigation lights visible for at least 1 nautical mile, while boats over 12 meters (39 feet) must have navigation lights visible for at least 2 nautical miles.

Color Specifications

Navigation lights must have specific colors to ensure visibility and safety on the water. The USCG requires boats to have red and green sidelights, a white masthead light, and a white stern light. The red light must be on the port side of the boat, while the green light must be on the starboard side.

Placement Requirements

Proper placement of navigation lights is crucial to ensure maximum visibility and safety. The USCG requires boats to have navigation lights in specific locations, such as the masthead, stern, and port and starboard sides. The masthead light must be at least 1 meter (3.3 feet) above the sidelights, while the stern light must be at the stern of the boat. The sidelights must be visible from dead ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on each side.

Maintenance and Troubleshooting

Boat navigation lights are essential for safe boating, especially at night or in low visibility conditions. To ensure that the lights are functioning properly, regular maintenance and troubleshooting are necessary. Here are some tips for maintaining and troubleshooting boat navigation lights:

Maintenance

• Check the lights regularly to ensure that they are clean and free from debris, such as spider webs or salt buildup.
• Replace any broken or damaged bulbs immediately.
• Make sure that the wiring is secure and free from damage.
• Check the battery and charging system to ensure that the lights are getting sufficient power.
• Lubricate any moving parts, such as the hinges on the light fixtures, to prevent corrosion.

Troubleshooting

• If the lights are not turning on, check the battery and charging system to ensure that they are providing sufficient power.
• Check the wiring for any loose or damaged connections.
• If the lights are dim or flickering, check the bulbs to ensure that they are not damaged or burned out.
• If the lights are not shining in the correct direction, check the alignment of the fixtures and adjust them as necessary.
• If the lights are not visible from the required distance, check the brightness of the bulbs and replace them if necessary.

Legal Consequences of Non-Compliance

Boaters who do not comply with navigation light requirements may face serious legal consequences. The United States Coast Guard (USCG) enforces navigation light regulations and can issue citations or fines for non-compliance. In addition, non-compliance can lead to accidents, injuries, and property damage, which can result in civil liability.

The USCG can issue a citation for non-compliance with navigation light requirements, which may result in a fine. The amount of the fine can vary depending on the severity of the violation and the discretion of the issuing officer. In addition to fines, boaters who do not comply with navigation light requirements may also face other penalties, such as impoundment of their vessel or suspension of their boating license.

Non-compliance with navigation light requirements can also lead to accidents, injuries, and property damage. If a boater fails to display the required navigation lights and collides with another vessel, the boater may be found liable for any resulting damages. In addition, if a boater’s non-compliance with navigation light requirements causes an accident or injury, the boater may face civil liability for any resulting damages.

Boaters should take navigation light requirements seriously and ensure that their vessels are equipped with the appropriate lights and that they are used correctly. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in serious legal and financial consequences.

In conclusion, boat navigation lights are an essential component of any vessel that operates at night or in low visibility conditions. It is important to understand the different types of navigation lights and their requirements to ensure the safety of the crew and other vessels on the water.

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Boat Navigation Light Rules

Does your boat meet the boat navigation light rules? Check in here to learn all about those green and red boat lights.

Basic boat navigation light rules are set by the U.S. Coast Guard, and may be augmented by state or local requirements as well. You can look at all of the USCG navigational rules , but we can set out the basics regarding what lights are required on a boat here:

• All boats under seven meters which cannot exceed seven knots – Sail and power boats of this size can display an all-around white light, and may display green and red side lights as well.
• Powerboats under 12 meters – Must show an all-around white light visible from 360 degrees (generally called a masthead light) and red and green side lights visible at 112.5 degrees placed above the hull and at least one meter below the masthead light. Or, they may have a masthead light visible at 225 degrees plus a stern light visible at 135 degrees. Side lights must be visible from one nautical mile, and masthead and stern lights must be visible from two nautical miles.
• Sailboats under 12 meters – Must show green and red side lights (meeting the same requirements as those found on a powerboat) and a white stern light, or, may show a tri-colored masthead light.
• Powerboats up to 20 meters – Side lights, masthead, and stern lights are all required as listed above; side and stern lights must be visible to two nautical miles and masthead lights to three nautical miles.
• Sailboats up to 20 meter – Must show side lights and a white stern light or tricolored masthead light as listed above; all must be visible to two nautical miles.
• All boats over 20 meters – Must show lights as listed above but masthead lights must be visible at five nautical miles.
• All boats at anchor – An all-around white light visible for at least two nautical miles must be displayed.  

Now that you know what lights need to be on a boat in reduced visibility, it’s important to remember a few other key points that people sometimes forget.

• First off, note that if a sailboat is operating with an engine running, it’s considered a powerboat under the rules and must be lighted accordingly.
• Secondly, remember that it’s your personal responsibility to make sure these lights are operational. Just having them aboard isn’t enough so before every trip, it’s a good idea to flip the switches and verify that everything is working properly.
• Third, if your boat has docking lights leave them off while operating in open waters. Boats don’t have headlights and those with forward-facing white beams are intended to be illuminated while docking, only.
• Finally, check your state and locality rules and make sure you meet these as well, because in some areas there may be additional requirements. 

Where to Put Navigation Lights on a Boat

Most of the time, deciding where to put navigation lights on a boat has already been done for you. Modern boats will leave the factory with proper lighting already installed and you won’t have to worry about it. If you have to replace any lights, the safest move is to simply mimic the original placement and type.

When it comes to small craft, however, like jon boats  or dinghies , the boat may not come equipped with any lights at all. In fact, they may not have the electrical systems and switch panels necessary to run lights, should you want to add them. In this case you’ll want to get portable lights.

Portable navigation lights which are battery-powered may be attached to the boat with clamps, suction cups, or bases that fit into fishing rod holders. These work just fine, as long as you make sure the batteries are fresh and carry a spare set. To some degree, where you put them may depend on the boat itself and what mounting options are available. That said, if you use portable green and red boat lights, they should be placed facing forward at the bow of the boat as close to the centerline as possible. White all-around lights should be at or near the stern if practical, but in this case the most important thing is to make sure they’re clearly visible. A light on a short pole can easily be blocked from view by a person or obstruction, so it needs to be elevated higher than anything and anyone on the boat.

Following the boat navigation light rules and requirements isn’t just necessary under the law, it’s also an important aspect of safe boating. We all want to make sure our days — and nights — spent aboard a boat are as safe as possible, so be sure your boat’s navigation lights are up to snuff.

To make sure you’re up to date on all aspects of boating safety, be sure to check out our Boating Safety Guide .

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Chapter 2: Boating Safety

Navigation light requirements.

Navigation lights are generally mandatory during times of limited visibility regardless of the type of vessel. These lights are invaluable because they allow boaters to identify the type of vessels around them, as well as their relative size. While learning the different arrangements which apply to different vessels, pay close attention to the differences between the navigation light requirements for unpowered and powered vessels.

Navigation Lights for Unpowered Vessels:

If a sailboat is over 23 feet (7 meters), the following standards must be met:

Unpowered boats of this size also have the option of using an all-around light set up, which is also referred to as a tricolor light.

Vessels over 23 feet (7 meters) but under 65.62 feet (20 meters) also have the option of using a combined red over green configuration mast light.

If a sailboat is under 23 feet (7 meters), the following standards must be met:

Navigation Lights for Powered Vessels:

If a powerboat is Greater than 39.4 feet (12 meters), but less than 65.6 feet (20 meters), the following standards must be met:

Additionally, the masthead must be placed at least 8 feet above the gunnel. Refer to Figure D as an example of the proper configuration. These rules also apply to sailboats using a motor.

If a powerboat is less than 39.4 feet (12 meters), the following standards must be met:

Similarly, powered vessels under 7 meters, with speeds under 7 knots, may feature a white all-around light that is visible from two miles away and, if possible, a pair of red and green sidelights in international waters only.

Additionally, the all-around white light must be positioned at least 39 inches above the sidelights. Refer to Figure A as an example of the proper configuration. Note that sailboat in Figure E is using a motor. Even if a sailboat is flying its sail it may still be under engine power, in which case, it is treated as a powered vessel. Therefore, it is vital to note the configuration of a vessel's navigation lights, and what they communicate about the vessel.

If a vessel is at anchor, the following standards must be met:

This covers the sizes of boats typically operated as a recreational boat. For larger vessels, refer to the U.S. Coast Guard Navigational Rules and Regulations Handbook.

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All Chapters

• Boating Terminology
• Boat Hull Types & Designs
• Boat Engine Types Explained
• Boat Size Classifications
• Boat Capacity
• Hull Identification Numbers
• Boat Registration & Titling
• Life Jacket Types & Designs
• Children's Life Jacket Recommendations & Requirements
• PFD Rules & Requirements
• Life Jacket Fitting & Care Guidelines
• Inflatable PFD Types & Tip
• Boat Fire Extinguishers
• Boat Backfire Flame Arrestor

Boat Ventilation Systems

Boat Navigation Light Types & Requirements

Unpowered Boat Navigation Lights

• Visual Distress Signals
• Marine Distress Signals
• Weather Conditions
• Small Craft Advisory
• Boat Maintenance Tips
• Towing & Trailering
• Launching & Retrieving
• Pre-departure Checklist
• Rendering Assistance
• Capsizing/Falls Overboard
• Cold Water Immersion
• Fire Prevention
• Running Aground Prevention
• Accident Reports

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Boat Navigation Lights

One of the most important safety systems on your boat is your set of navigation lights.

Whenever you are operating between sunset and sunrise, or in other times of restricted visibility, such as in fog or rain, you need to display the appropriate navigation lights so that other boats can see you and take the appropriate action to avoid a collision.

In general, all navigation light systems include red and green sidelights, which indicate the port and starboard side of your boat, as well as one or more white lights.

It's also important that you have a flashlight on board, as you never know when a navigation light might burn out. The rules for what navigation lights to display depend on a number of factors including:

• The length of your boat: e.g. under or over 12 meters;
• Whether your boat is being powered by an engine;
• Where you're boating, e.g. inland or international waters; and
• Whether you at anchor.

For now, remember that it's your responsibility to have the proper navigation lighting. Even if you just purchased a new boat, you should check to ensure that you've got the right lights for safe, and legal, boating.

Powered Boat Navigation Lights

When operating between sunset and sunrise, or in periods of restricted visibility, powered recreational boats require the following set of navigation lights. Remember, these power boat light requirements also apply to sailboats when using a motor.

For powered boats less than 39.4 feet, or 12 meters, you need to have the following set of navigation lights.

• One all-around white light that you can see from 360 degrees and from two miles away;
• And one pair of red and green sidelights that are visible at 112.5 degrees and from one mile away.

For boats of this size, the all-around white light needs to be positioned at a height of at least 39 inches above the sidelights.

Figure A shows a boat with this setup.

• All-around white light - 360 degrees visable from two miles.
• Sidelights — 112.5 degrees visible from one mile

If your boat is greater than 39.4 feet but less than 65.6 feet, or 20 meters, you need the following set of navigation lights:

• A masthead light is a white light at the front of the boat. The masthead light needs to be visible across 225 degrees and from two miles away.
• A stern light, which is a white light at the rear of the boat. The stern light needs to be visible across 135 degrees and from two miles away. When the masthead light and the stern light are combined, that makes up 360 degrees.
• Finally, you need one pair red and green sidelights that are visible across 112.5 degrees and from a distance of one mile.

For boats of this size, the masthead light must be positioned at a height of at least 8 feet above the gunnel.

Figure B shows this configuration.

• Masthead light (foward) - 225 degrees visible from two miles.
• Sternlight (aft) - 135 degrees visible from two miles.
• Sidelights - 112.5 degrees visible from one mile.

Boat Navigation Lights at Anchor

We've covered what navigation lights you need to have when you are underway, but what about when you're at anchor?

When your boat is at anchor, but you are not in a designated anchoring area, like at a marina, you need to make sure that you are visible to other boats that may be operating nearby.

When anchoring in these areas, you are required to display an all-around white light where it will be best seen by any other boats in the area.

Navigation Light Requirements for Anchored Vessels

Boat Lighting – Complete Guide to Navigation Lights

I was sitting in the garage the other day admiring my boat when I noticed the green navigation light on the side of the hull, and it dawned on me that I haven’t had the boat out after sunset yet. It also got me wondering about the different places I’d like to travel this summer and what it would be like to navigate in the dark if I had to.

In addition to the legally required lights, I highly recommend having a marine waterproof spotlight in your boat at all times ( this is the one I prefer, which you can buy on Amazon with tons of good reviews ). The little headlight on a boat is nowhere near bright enough to safely navigate if you get caught on the water at night. Trust me, it can save you thousands in boat repairs and a dangerous situation.

I wanted to make sure that I fully understood everything there was to know about navigation lights, so I did some online research. I’ve put together a complete guide of the information I found online talking about the different navigation lights and what I needed to know about them.

What Are Navigation Lights On a Boat?

Boats require specific lighting configuration when operating between sunset and sunrise, or at times when visibility is restricted such as when it’s raining or foggy. Navigation lights are used to help other boaters see you when visibility is reduced, and it allows you also to see the other boaters to avoid collisions.

Navigation lights are also used to communicate with the other boats sharing the water. For example, the navigation lights can tell another boater, what size your vessel is, and in which direction you are heading. This information can be used by the boat caption to determine what the appropriate course of action would be as you approach each other.

By law, the navigation lights come in specific colors; white, red, and green. Even the arc of the illuminated light, the range of visibility, and the location is all specific to what type of vessel you are operating.

Do not assume that your boat came with the appropriate lighting or equipment from the factory or showroom. It is your responsibility to make sure that your boat has the proper navigation lighting configuration before you head out on the water.

What Type Of Boats Requires Navigation Lights?

Basically, in a nutshell, all boats require navigation lights if you’ll be operating them between sunset and sunrise, or whenever visibility is reduced.

This goes for the following types of vessels:

• Motorized vessels
• Non-motorized vessels
• Sailing vessels (Operating under sails)
• Sailing vessels (Operating under motor power)
• Vessels engaged in fishing
• Vessels engaged in trawling
• Towing vessels
• Anchored vessels
• Human-powered vessels such as Rowboats (Kayaks and canoes)

What Lights Are Required On a Boat?

Boats are required to have navigation lights. Navigation lights are required whenever you are operating your vessel between sunset and sunrise, or during any other times when your visibility is restricted from elements such as fog or rain.

The type of lights required depends on the length of your vessel as well as if it’s a powered or non-powered vessel. But in general, all navigation lighting systems will consist of red and green sidelights, as well as one or more white lights. A red sidelight indicates the port side of the vessel, while a green light shows the starboard side of the vessel. The white light in most cases is called an all-around light, which means it can be seen from any angle by other boaters.

Another type of navigation light is a yellow light. A yellow light is not very common to see, but if you do happen to see one, it would mean that a  lead boat is towing another boat. 

It is your responsibility to make sure you have the proper navigation lighting. It is also recommended that you take spare bulbs with you. The USCG doesn’t care if the lights were working when you left, they only care that the lights are not working when they are required.

Lights Required For Power Vessels Underway:

A powered vessel includes all motorized boats, including sailboats that use a motor.

Vessel length: Under 12 meters (39.4 FT.) Lighting requirement:

• One all-around white light that is visible at 360 degrees, and can be seen from two miles away. The all-around white light must be mounted at least 39 inches above the side lights.
• A pair of red and green sidelights that are visible 112.5 degrees and can be seen at least one mile away.

Vessel length: 12 meters to 20 meters (39.4 FT. to 65.6 FT.)  Lighting requirement:

• A white masthead light located at the front of the boat, pointing in the direction you are traveling. This must be visible at 225 degrees and from two miles away. The masthead light must be positioned at least 8 feet above the gunnel.
• A white stern light located at the rear of the boat that is visible at 135 degrees and can be seen from 2 miles away.

Lights Required For Non-powered Vessels Underway:

A non-powered vessel includes sailing vessels and all other types of vessels that don’t have motors such as paddled, poled, or rowed.

Vessel length: Under 7 meters (23 FT.) Lighting requirement:

• You are required to display a white light that can be seen by other boats. White light could consist of a flashlight, torchlight, or lantern.
• If you can, it is recommended that you have an onboard 360-degree white light all-around set on the horizon, with a distance of at least two miles.

Vessel length: Over 7 meters (23 FT.)  – NEED 3 IMAGES Lighting requirement:

• A pair of red and green sidelights, that are visible 112.5 degrees and can be seen at least one mile away.
• Alternatively, for sailboats of that are over 7 meters in length, they can display what is called a tricolor light A tricolor light can only be used while the vessel is underway using sails alone and never while underway by power. This light should also never be used at the same time that the regular sidelights are on. Either the tricolor light or sidelights can be displayed, but never both.

Lights Required For Vessels At Anchor (Less Than 50 Meters):

This rule applies if you are anchored away from a designated area such as a marina.

Vessel length: 12 meters to 20 meters (39.4 FT. to 65.6 FT.) Lighting requirement:

• White all-around light is required to be used so you are visible to other ships that could be in the area.

Due to variances in state boating laws/regulations, NASBLA does not provide state-specific information. You may contact your state boating office for the most accurate information. Contact information can be found here: https://www.nasbla.org/about-nasbla/boating-contacts .

Understanding The Difference Between Port And Starboard Lights

While standing on the deck and facing the front of the ship, the left side is called the Port and the right side is called the Starboard. The port is always red , while the starboard is always green .

This information is crucial to understand if you ever find yourself trying to navigate the waters at night or while your visibility is limited. For example, if you are sailing towards another vessel, you will be able to tell if that vessel is heading towards you, or if it is heading away from you based on which side the green and red lights appear to you. 

If you see a red light coming towards you, that would mean the other boat is on your right, which means that boat would have the right of way. If you see a green light from an oncoming vessel than you would know that it’s on your left, which means you have the right of way.

When Should Navigation Lights Be Displayed On a Boat?

Navigation lights are required to be displayed in between sunset and sunrise, and anytime that visibility is restricted. For example, due to fog or rain.

Where Can You Buy Navigation Lights?

As discussed earlier, not all boats automatically come with the proper display of navigation lights. It is your responsibility to ensure that your boat has all of the proper equipment for your safety and the safety of others.

The prices for navigation lights will vary anywhere between $9.00 to $100.00 depending on what style and manufacturer you buy. You could even spend as much as $500.00 on some of the higher-end navigation lightings.  Be sure to shop around and take a look at what is available, to ensure that you are finding the best lights, at the best prices. 

Definitions

       All-Round Light:  White (32pt/ 360°)        Masthead Light:  White (20pt/ 225°)        Sidelights:  Red (10pt/ 112.5°) & Green (10pt/ 112.5°)        Stern Light:  White (12pt/ 135°)   

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Boat Navigation Light Rules Explained (For Beginners)

Boat navigation light rules can be a little difficult for newcomers to understand.  This is probably because these light rules can change depending on a wide variety of factors.

Failing to comply with these rules can leave you open to enforcement violations as well as lawsuits. 

Also, knowing these rules will help keep you and other boaters safe while out on the water, so you must learn and remember them.

Here’s everything you should know about the boat navigation light rules.

Table of Contents

Why Have Boat Navigation Light Rules At All

Boat navigation light rules help boaters communicate with each other.  They also help to determine who has the right of way.  This is important as it determines what actions boats will take as they pass one another.

Without these guidelines, there would be many more accidents out on the water as people wouldn’t know how to interact.

Remember, when you’re out on the open water, there aren’t any designated lanes to follow, and without rules, boaters can easily become confused about which way they should turn or whether or not they should even turn at all.

On top of this, these rules help establish methods for boaters to tell each other when they’re anchored or when they’re in distress.  Use your lights correctly when you need help, and you’re much more likely to get it.

When do I Need to Follow Boat Navigation Light Rules?

Light rules apply any time between sunset and sunrise.  They also apply any time visibility is low.

An example of this could be during foggy or rainy weather.

A more unusual example of this could be during a solar eclipse.  Basically, if you feel that having the lights on will help others see you better, it’s a good idea to turn them on.

The Different Light Rules by Boat and Size

Different types of boats will have different light rules that they need to follow.  These sets of rules are broken down based on whether the boat is a sailboat or a powered boat.

Once this is established, the rules are then broken down by size.

The different sizes to consider are boats shorter than 39.4 feet, boats sized between 39.4 and 65.6 feet, and boats greater than 65.6 feet.

If you’re wondering why the numbers are so precise, it’s because this is the conversion from meters.  39.4 feet equals 12 meters, and 65.6 feet equals 20 meters.

Generally, all boats will have a red light on their port side and a green light on their starboard side.  To put it in plain English, if you’re in the driver’s seat, the red light goes on the left, and the green light goes on the right.

A white light should be at the stern of the boat.  The stern is the rear of the boat.

Powered Boat Light Placement

Here are the lights you’ll need when operating a powered boat, depending on the size of the boat you’re operating.

• Boats less than 12 meters or 39.4 feet long:

You’ll need one red light and one green light at the front port and starboard sides of the boat for these boats.  These lights should be positioned so that they can be seen at an angle of 112.5 degrees.  The sidelights should be strong enough to be seen from a mile away.

You’ll also need to mount them towards the bow of the boat.  This is otherwise known as the front of the boat.

Additionally, you’ll need one white light that can be seen from all angles.  It should be strong enough to be seen from two miles away. 

This light will need to be mounted at least 39 inches or 99 centimeters higher than the red and green lights.

• Boats greater than 12 meters or 39.4 feet but less than 20 meters or 65.6 feet:

With boats of this size, you’ll still need your red and green lights, but your white lights will change.

In this case, you’ll mount a red light to your port or left side and a green light to your starboard or right side. These lights will need to be seen from an angle of 112.5 degrees, and they’ll need to be seen from a distance of one mile.

The two white lights will need to be mounted at the stern and masthead of the boat.  Stern lights can also be referred to as the aft light.  Either way, it just means the light at the back of the boat.

This light will need to be seen from a 225-degree angle facing the rear.  It needs to be strong enough to be seen from 2 miles away.

The masthead light is at the forward position of the boat.  This light is mounted on the masthead, and it must cover a 135-degree angle.

The light will need to be visible from 2 miles away.

Masthead lights must be mounted at least 8 feet above the gunnel.  The gunnel is the top edge of the side of the boat.

• Boats larger than 20 meters or 65.6 feet long:

To operate a non-commercial boat over 20 meters or 65.6 meters long, you’ll have to have the same lights in the same positions as the smaller boats.  However, you’ll also need to add matt black inboard screens to your sidelights.

Sail Boats and Other Unpowered Boats

These boats can be broken down into two different size categories.

These two categories are under 23 feet or 7 meters and boats that are over 23 feet or 7 meters.

Unpowered boats such as sailboats, rowboats, and kayaks under 23 feet in length only need to have a white light on them.  This white light can be anything from a flashlight to a lantern.

However, you can still opt to place red and green lights at their appropriate places.

Larger sailboats will need to have a 135 degree white light at the stern and 112.5 degree red and green lights at the port and starboard sides.  The white light should be visible from 2 miles away, while the red and green lights should be visible from 1 mile away.

Alternatively, a tri-color light could be placed on the masthead.

This light will have all three lights built into it, and it should be visible from at least 2 miles away.

Advice For All Boats Regarding Light

Regardless of what boat size you’re on, it is a good idea to have a flashlight with you.

If your boat lights become inoperable, you’ll at least have one light that you can signal with.

Should you find yourself on the water at night in a disabled boat , your flashlight may be the only thing keeping you from being crashed into.

Light Rules For Boats at Anchor

When you’re anchored at a marina or dock, you won’t have to worry about specific boat light rules and regulations.

However, when you’re anchored out on the water, you must follow boat light rules as this will help keep other boaters from running into you.

It will also help establish that you have the right of way so you won’t have to move every time a larger boat comes your way.

Of course, having the right lights doesn’t mean you’ll be able to anchor just anywhere.  You’ll still have to follow any inland rules when it comes to anchoring your boat.

When anchored, you’ll need to display an all-around white light that lets other boaters know your position.  This light should be placed where other boaters can best see it.  For example, a sailboat might put this light at the top of its mast. Also, another all-around white light might be placed near the deck to help identify your anchored boat to nearby boats.

Boats Under Distress

Boats under distress should display what is known as a visual distress signal so that they can get help.  At night, these distress signals will come in flares, parachute flares, and lights.

You should have at least three devices on your boat to use for signaling. 

This could come in a variety of forms, and you can use the same one three times.  For example, your three devices could be having three signaling flares with you.

Only use these lights when you’re in danger.  Failure to do so can result in heavy fines and potential imprisonment.

Determining Who Has The Right of Way

When you come across another boat, and you can only see a white light, then you’ll know that you’re either approaching an anchored vessel or a vessel that is moving in front of you.  In this case, you can overtake them and go around them from either side.

If you come across a green light and a white light, then you have the right of way.  In boating terms, this means that you are the stand-on vessel.

Technically speaking, the other boat should give way, and you won’t have to worry about changing your course. 

However, there is always a chance that the other person will not give way for some reason, and you should be ready to move.  You never know, the other boater may not see you, or they may not know the rules as they should.  Remember, being right won’t mean anything if you end up dead in a boat crash.

If you come across a red and white light, you are the one that needs to give way.  In this case, you’ll want to slow your boat down and pass by them, probably behind their path.

In all of these scenarios I described, you were in a powered vessel, and you were passing a powered boat or a sailboat that was driving while under power.

However, what happens when you encounter a sailboat or other unpowered vessel in a powered vessel?

In this case, you’ll see a red light, a green light, or a white light, but you won’t see all three.  Regardless of what you see, you’ll want to give way.  This is because these boats can’t maneuver as well as you, and they probably won’t be able to get out of your way before you come across them.

At this point, you can see why different boats need different types of lights and why it’s important to use the lights that apply to your particular craft.  Use the wrong lights, and you’ll confuse the other boaters around you.  This could easily lead to an accident that could have easily been avoided.

What About Boaters Who Are Color Blind?

Unfortunately, people who are color blind won’t safely operate a boat at night by themselves.

Also, they won’t be able to get a captain’s license as you need to pass a color blind test to get this license. Here’s an article we wrote about all you need to know about boat license types (with prices) .

If you’d like to do some recreational boating at night, but you can’t differentiate between the colors red and green, you might want to consider bringing a friend along.

This way, your friend can tell you what colors you’re coming up on so that you can safely navigate yourself past other boats.

4 Types of Boat Lights

• The red and green lights that go on the sides of a boat are known as sidelights.
• White lights that only face backward are known as stern lights, and white lights that face forward are known as masthead lights.
• An all-round white light is a white light that faces 360 degrees.  These lights are used on smaller boats and on boats that are at anchor.  They can be replaced by making use of a stern light and a masthead light.
• Another type of light is the tri-color light.  A tri-color light can be used on a sailboat to portray the white, green, and red lights. Bi-color lights are also available for small powered boats and sailboats.  These lights display both red and green light.

The combination of lights that are displayed will always give the boater a 360-degree field of light.

This ensures that other boaters can see them no matter where they are in relation to each other.

Safety Precautions To Be Aware Of

Even new boats can have lights that weren’t configured correctly or lights that don’t work.

It’s important that you check these lights before you head out on the water.

This is true even if you don’t intend on staying out after dark.  After all, it’s always possible that you could become stranded until after dark or that it could become too foggy to operate out on the water without lights.

Other Things You Should Know About Boating At Night

Boat navigational light rules are critical for nighttime boating, but there are other things to consider as well.

One thing to consider when boating at night is the use of a lookout.

Having one of your passengers act as a lookout will make it more likely that you’ll spot problems in advance.

Remember, other boaters aren’t the only potential hazards you can run into at night.  Shallow shipwrecks, low water depths, and unlit piers, docks, and jetties can also become hazards if they aren’t noticed in time for you to avoid them.

High beams should be used for docking purposes only.  This is because using them while on the water can confuse other boaters.

Also, the high beams can shine into other sailor’s eyes and can give them night blindness.

Just think about it this way.

It isn’t safe to drive towards another car with your high beams on, so why would it be safe to drive towards another boat with high beams on?

Driving Speed

Nighttime boating should be done at slower speeds than day time boating.  The primary reason for this is that visibility is more limited at night.

Driving slower will help to give you more time to react to boaters and other hazards.

When you first start boating, you’ll still have to take a moment to think about the lights you see.  Driving at a slower speed will give you this additional time without affecting your safety.

Not All Lights On The Water Are Boats!

I’ll end this post with a funny story I once heard about a boat traveling at night.  This story has changed many times over the years, but the gist of it’s still the same.

It goes like this:

A large vessel was traveling at night when they came across a white light in front of them.  The ship captain immediately got on the radio and contacted the other vessel to demand that they get out of the way.

The other vessel responded by telling the captain to change his course.  To this, the captain responded with, “This is the warship, the USS Enterprise, and I demand you change course, or we’ll be forced to take action!”.

To this, the other vessel responded with, “This is a lighthouse, and you are on course to become shipwrecked.”.

This isn’t a real story, and now that you know proper boat navigation light rules, it is a story that could never happen to you. 

If you came across a white light and thought it was a boat, you’d assume it was unpowered or at anchor, and you’d take steps to go around it.

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