yacht charter party boat

• (305) 223-3488

PARTY YACHTS & BOATS IN MIAMI

Our fleet of party yachts and boats come complete with catering & service. plan your office events or private parties accordingly..

Top Shelf Entertainment on the water is what we do best! Browse through our selection of South Florida’s finest Luxury Party Yachts cruising from Miami, Miami South Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton & the Palm Beaches.

You choose the yacht, the dock, the food menu, the bar of choice, the entertainment and the cruising area. Entertainment options on the water can include small personal combo bands, dancers, singing groups, multi-piece large pop or classical bandstands and celebrity hosts.

Our Charter Specialist can suggest popular themes such as “Casino Royale” or “Carnival Miami” or assist in bringing to life a unique personalized theme of your creation.

Minimum food and beverage packages will apply on all yacht rentals.

recommended for you

225’ miami luxe, 100' midnight sun luxury party yacht, 111' biscayne lady luxury party yacht, 125’ winston, 125’ royal princess, 130’ winston, 130' caprice luxury party yacht, 130' catalina luxury party yacht, 130' venetian lady luxury party yacht, 137' sun dream luxury party yacht, hollywood princess, 74' miami lady luxury party yacht, 80' solstice luxury party yacht, 84' island lady luxury party yacht, 91' summer wind custom striker, tikki beach ii.

Please contact our Yacht Charter Agents if the featured luxury vessels for charter above do not meet your expectations or requirements.

Our office will gladly and quickly provide you with additional vessel options and any other special requests.

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Find and book your dream yacht through YachtCharterFleet, the world's leading luxury yacht charter comparison site. View ALL superyachts available to rent, get expert advice from our comprehensive destination guides and be inspired by our bespoke superyacht itineraries. Let us connect you with a knowledgeable local charter broker to help you plan and book your fully-crewed private yachting vacation today.

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PARTY BOAT CHARTER

Boat & yacht party rentals in miami, fl, find the boat that fits your event.

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• Users 40 to 400 people

Miami Luxurious Yacht

Miami luxurious Yacht Biscayne Lady

• Perfect for any special event
• Event planning included
• Dining room capacity: 200
• 2 full bars & dance floor
• Menu & Catering

Sea Queen Yacht

A yacht for an unforgettable day

• Perfect for corporate & special Events!
• Overall capacity: 140 passengers
• Dining room capacity: 90
• Executive chef onboard, two bar areas, two dance floors
• Separate areas for socializing and dining.
• Users Up to 12 People

Luxury Yacht

Private Luxury Yacht 

• Up to 8 amazing hours
• Approx. Group Size:  Up to 12 People
• Located in Miami Beach

Miami Sports Yacht

Climb aboard our 41’ yacht

• Captain & Mate included
• Duration:  Up to 8 Hours
• Dock:  Bayside Marketplace
• Bring your own food and drinks
• Hour Glass 3-8 Hours

Private Catamaran Brickell

Sailing Yacht from Brickell (37′-6″)

• Private captained yacht
• Tour guide to the best hidden treasures
• Tailored to your specific requests
• Bahamas trip: upon request
• Users Up to 40 People

Party Boat Cruise

Private Party Boat in Miami

• Dance your cruise away!
• Duration: 4 Hours
• Up to 38 People
• Departure Times: 11am / 3pm / 7 pm
• Water Mats & paddle boards
• MOST POPULAR!

Island Fun Tour

Miami’s newest catamarans

• Captain & mate
• Perfect for cruising:
• Amazing for parties: 25 max
• Get 2 boats for larger groups
• Duration:  Up to 6 Hours

Chilled Sunset Cruise

Enjoy a beautiful sunset on the waters of Miami!

• Laid-back sightseeing
• Start before sunset and enjoy the breeze
• Island Stop or anchor to enjoy the views
• Approx. Group Size:  Up to 40 People
• Users Individual Ticket
• Hour Glass 1.5 Hours

Millionaire’s Row Sightseeing Cruise

Explore Miami aboard a fully-narrated bilingual sightseeing cruise

• Duration: 1.5 Hours
• 90-minute bilingual sightseeing tour
• Individual Ticket
• Departure Times: Mon – Fri: 11AM – 6PM Sat & Sun: 11AM – 7PM

Enquire today to create your perfect boat party.

Book online or find availability within 24 hours.

You can take all the credit for arranging an incredible party.

Choose from our list of party ideas ready for you!

Select a Custom-Built Party B oat

The quickest and easiest way to book your big celebration. After that just enjoy it!

Book Early 

The earlier in advance you book, the quieter the calendar will be, and the more likely you’ll be able to get a good deal.

Relax, Smile and Enjoy

Forget the bus, car or walking tours, overcrowded restaurants and tiring cycling journeys. This is the perfect way to get to know the city.

Why Customers Choose to Party With Us!

"My group and I had such an amazing time on our party pontoon! Fernanda is sooo helpful, I think I contacted her every other day leading up to my event. She along with Captain John, and Princess made my boat outing perfect! I would highly recommend! You will not be disappointed!"

"If you're in Miami and don't charter a boat with Party Boat Charter then you're doing it wrong! They were extremely accommodating and our captains were SO MUCH FUN!!! Best bachelorette trip activity ever!"

"My experience with Cruz N Booz was amazing. Fernanda was great and helped us get the best option for our group. The boat was really nice, the aqua toys were super fun, the crew was very kind. We felt VIP. I highly recommend."

"Best Experience of our lives! My Husband and I decided to get married on a Sailboat and Fernanda and her crew made that day the best experience memories we have together! Her crew is organized, clean and on point. The staff will provide you with the best services designed for your needs!"

"From the beginning, Fernanda was so accommodating and responsive to all our needs, requests and concerns. She made it easy and stress free to book the trip and coordinate everything amongst a large group of friends. On the day of the trip, we were met by an extraordinarily welcoming and friendly crew which, throughout the entire trip, made sure we had the best time ever."

"We booked a beautiful catamaran with Fernanda. It was a last minute thing, but she made sure that everything was taking care of by the time we got to the boat. The service was 5 start, the boat was beautiful, and the crew super friendly. Captain Aaron took us every where and gave us a real knowledgeable tour."

Party Boat Charters offers best-in-class party planning and organizing on boats and yachts in the Miami and Ft. Lauderdale area! We help you pick the perfect yacht or boat for any kind of event and provide a high-quality boat and sevice package from our comprehensive line of vessels. We do all the heavy lifting, planning, and organizing for your vessel, so all you have to do is kick back an d enjoy the party.

Blog » Try a Birthday Party On a Boat This Year!

Try a Birthday Party On a Boat This Year!

By isabella stark, december 19, 2019.

Celebrate your next birthday party on a boat with the help of Charter One

South Florida is a famous vacation destination that is known for its beautiful beaches and water playground. If you would like to host your next birthday on the water in South Florida, treat yourself and your guests to a fabulous birthday party on a boat. Charter One luxury yacht charter rentals have everything you need to host one spectacular birthday on a boat event.

Get ready for some fun in the sun with family and friends, and be pampered and pleased on our gorgeous yachts. We offer first-class amenities, along with excellent service, fine dining, great ambiance and much more. This year, treat yourself to a special birthday party on a boat as you cruise Florida’s beautiful waterways in comfort and style.

Birthday on a Boat

If you thought that you couldn’t afford a party on a boat , think again. We offer all-inclusive yacht charters that can meet most budgets and preferences. We have everything you need to host a grand birthday on a boat at affordable prices.

Isn’t it time that you enjoyed the good life and treated yourself to a momentous and memorable occasion? We are experts at hosting all types of events, including: birthday parties, boat weddings , corporate events, fundraisers, etc. You can spend your time with us aboard ship being pampered and entertained, while we attend to serving you and your guests.

We are known for our outstanding five-star cuisine that can satisfy even the most discriminate palate. We offer a variety of ethnic cuisine that includes: American, Italian, Vegetarian, Asian, and more. And if you prefer, our chefs can prepare a customized menu for your big day.

If you want to treat your guests to some extra favorites, we also have add-on stations that serve: Cappuccino/Café, Meat Carving Station, Viennese Table, Sushi, and much more. We can help you plan your menu, and we also provide custom cakes and champagne for toasting.

How much does it cost to have a party on a boat?

One of our luxury yachts will serve as your birthday party on a boat venue. Our stunning yachts provide beautiful and comfortable surroundings that make a perfect backdrop for your special birthday on a boat. Your guests can enjoy multiple decks, plus indoor and outdoor lounge areas aboard ship.

Contact us using the form below & find out how much it costs to have a party on a boat !

Some of the amenities that our lovely yachts offer include: custom full-service bars, elevator service, contemporary décor, multiple dance areas, a swim platform, HD TV’s, media capability, and staterooms with en-suites below deck. Our stunning Grand Floridian yacht can accommodate up to 550 guests, and our regal Summer Wind yacht accommodates up to 55 guests.

For your convenience, we provide a variety of dock locations for you to choose from, where you and guests can embark ship:

Diplomat Resort & Spa 3555 S. Ocean Drive, Hollywood, FL 33019

Palm Beach County/ N. Broward Yacht Charter Area Marinas Boca Raton Resort & Club – 501 East Camino, Real Boca Raton, 33432 N. Palm Beach Marina – 1037 Marina Drive, N. Palm Beach, 33408 Riviera Beach Marina – 200 E. 13th Street, Riviera Beach, 33404 Rybovich Marina – 4200 N Flagler Dr The Cove Restaurant & Marina, 1755 SE 3rd Ct., Deerfield Beach, 33441

Broward County/Fort Lauderdale Yacht Rental Area Marinas Blue Moon Fish Company 4405 Tradewinds Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, 33308 Bahia Mar 801 Seabreeze Blvd., Fort Lauderdale, 33316 Hyatt Regency Pier 66 Resort & Marina, 2301 SE 17th St., Fort Lauderdale, 33316 Fort Lauderdale Hilton Marina, 1875 SE 17th St., Fort Lauderdale, 33316

Miami/Dade County Dinner Cruises Area Marinas Bayside/ Bayfront Park 401 Biscayne Boulevard, Miami, 33132 Fontainebleau / Eden Rock 4525 Collins Avenue, Miami Beach, 33140 Hyatt/ James L. Knight Center 400 SE 2nd Avenue, Miami 33131 Miami Beach Marina 300 Alton Rd., Miami Beach, 33139 Sea Isle Marina 1635 N. Bayshore Drive, Miami, 33132 Turnberry Isle Marina Yacht Club, 19735 Turnberry Way, Aventura, 33180 Haulover Park 10800 Collins Ave., Miami Beach, 33154 Fisher Island Club & Marina, 1 Fisher Island Dr. Miami, 33109 Intercontinental 100 Chopin Plaza, Miami, 33131 Ocean Reef Club 35 Ocean Reef Drive, Key Largo, 33037

Treat yourself to a great birthday gift and book our fabulous birthday party on a boat . To begin making plans, contact Charter One today at: 954-771-0102.

In addition to the best offers we have for boat and yacht charters in Florida, see also options available for rent in these nearby locations:

• 1078 boat rentals in Pompano Beach, FL
• 1047 boat rentals in Fort Lauderdale, FL
• 1047 boat rentals in South Fort Lauderdale, Fort Lauderdale, FL
• 1047 boat rentals in Edgewood, Fort Lauderdale, FL
• 1047 boat rentals in Margate, FL
• 1046 boat rentals in Melrose Manors, Fort Lauderdale, FL
• 1046 boat rentals in Plantation, FL
• 1045 boat rentals in Dania Beach, FL
• 1045 boat rentals in Coconut Creek, FL
• 1045 boat rentals in Port Everglades, Hollywood, FL

Rent a Party Boat in Florida with Sailo!

Looking for a party boat rental in Florida? Enjoy a one-of-a kind experience on the water in Florida with your own private Sailo yacht charter! Whatever your sailing style; from experienced skipper, fishing fanatic or thrill seeker, to those who just want to relax on deck with your family or friends, you’ll be spoiled for choice. Rent a boat in Florida with Sailo for a memorable day trip or a sailing vacation to remember.

Curious about your options for renting a party boat in Florida, USA?

Sailo party yacht rentals in Florida make great venues for your private or business events for groups of 13+ guests. Event boat owners offer multiple options for catering (food and drinks) packages, entertainment and professional personnel trained to make your day perfect. Whether you are looking to organize your wedding, your birthday or a business event, choose one of the  62 party boats  we offer in Florida, USA to surprise your family, friends or business partners with a great experience on the water.

Learn how to find the perfect yacht for you

Sailo offers beautiful boat and yacht rentals at various price points in Florida. Use our advanced filters to narrow your search by date, group size, and trip duration: 2 hrs, 4 hrs or full day charters. You can also choose the type of boat (sailboat, motorboat, catamaran) you want and go even further and look for a particular length, manufacturer and model. The price filter will help you see the available boats within your budget and the crew option is useful when you want to see boats with a skipper/captain included or only bareboats. Do you see a boat that you would like to rent in Florida? Click on it to go to the next page to read more about it, see more photos, send a direct message to the owner to ask more questions or start creating your booking request right away!

How much is it to rent a yacht in Florida?

You can charter a boat for a day in Florida for an average of $1100 per day. The average price for a weekly boat rental is $22055. Your total budget for a boating trip in Florida depends on many factors such as: trip duration, if captain and crew are included in the price or their cost have to be paid separately, fuel cost (which could be significantly higher on a motorboat compared to a sailboat) and other extras you choose to customize your experience in Florida.

If I rent a yacht on Sailo, will I get insurance coverage?

Yes, all Sailo boats available for rental have insurance: sometimes included in the price, other times available to buy as mandatory extra.

Sustainable yachting tips

If you’re looking to explore our beautiful planet, a yacht charter is a great place to start. Explore coral reefs with your snorkel, discover hidden bays and islands and generally enjoy the view of nature. Remember, that sailing motto:  'Take only photos, leave only wake'  (OK, so we paraphrased). To be a responsible sailor, remember:

• Don’t disturb coral or sealife
• Take your trash home (and don’t throw anything in the sea)
• Respect the locals and their customs wherever you go

Read more about responsible boating.

Popular locations to rent a boat in Florida :

• Miami yacht rentals
• boat rentals Fort Lauderdale
• boat rentals in Key West
• Key Largo boat rentals
• boat rental in Marathon, FL
• rent a boat in Islamorada
• Marco island boat rental
• boat rentals in Tampa, FL
• boat rentals in Miami Beach
• boat rental in Cape Coral, Florida
• boat rental in Fort Myers
• boat rental Naples, FL
• boat rentals in St. Petersburg, FL
• boat rentals in West Palm Beach
• boat rental in Hollywood, Florida

Popular boat types in Florida among renters:

• party boat rental in Miami, FL
• catamaran rentals in Miami, FL
• sailboat rentals in Florida
• catamaran charter in Key West
• sailboat rentals in Miami
• sailboat rentals in Fort Lauderdale
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Party Yacht Charters

10-50 guests.

Tikki Beach Charters specializes in party yacht charters including all size corporate and social group events and cruises, for evening and daytime charters. Our smaller sized fleet is perfect for intimate events, birthdays, wedding cruises, family and social outings, and corporate events. Some of our yachts allow swimming and daytime activities as well as offering evening cocktail parties.

Whatever type of party boat you prefer, our cruise specialists are trained event planners on each and every party yacht charter, and are excited to arrange an appointment onboard your selections, so you can choose the very best yacht for your event.

Our specialists are standing by… we look forward to cruising with you soon!

Luxury Hatteras

Miami Catamaran I

• FORT LAUDERDALE

The Hampton

Summer Wynd

50-150 Guests

We are best known for owning and operating the Tikki Beach barge, and recently have expanded our services to chartering local traditional party boats and party yacht charters. Our clients appreciate having choices when deciding on a venue for their perfect day. Our party yacht charter specialists are happy to take their time in educating the client when comparing multiple vessels, and are experts at narrowing down customer needs and placing the client with the right yacht or party boat.

Our South Florida party yacht fleet is perfect for corporate events, weddings and ceremonies, birthday parties of all ages, mitzvahs, fashion shows, retirement and reunions, as well as many other business or social events on the water. Pick up locations are situated as far south as Miami, and as north as West Palm with multiple docks at marinas along the Intracoastal. In addition to charter expertise, our party yacht charter services include full event management and event planning, providing you with an assigned event planner throughout the planning stages and onsite assistance during your charter. Please enjoy browsing our collection and party boats…. we look forward to cruising with you soon!

Tikki Beach Party Boat

100’ Miami Sun Skipper

Venice Miami

Tikki Beach II

125’ Musette / Kabana

140’ Dream I

Hollywood Princess

150-600 Guests

Tikki Beach Charters offers a select group of luxury yachts that can accommodate large groups from 100 to 600 guests, providing the space and room necessary for multiple deck FUN and versatility, and we have the BEST listed here! Our South Florida mega-yacht fleet is perfect for corporate events, weddings and ceremonies, birthday parties of all ages, mitzvahs, fashion shows, ceremonies and reunions, as well as many other business or social events on the water. Our mega yachts are also quite popular for festivals, fundraising, holiday cruises, and celebrity DJ events such as Ultra Music Fest. Miami, Hollywood, or Fort Lauderdale are the preferred cities for these larger events with breathtaking views of the skyline, famous mansions, while offering amazing site seeing opportunities.Please enjoy browsing our collection…. we look forward to cruising with you soon!

We understand that choosing the right yacht is a very important step in the creation of your event. Our team of experts will assist you with each and every detail of the process, providing you with all the facts and information needed to select the perfect venue for your perfect day. Docking locations are situated as far south as Miami, and as north as West Palm with multiple docks at marinas along the Intracoastal Waterway. Our yacht charter services include full event management and event planning, providing you with an assigned event planner throughout the planning stages and onsite event management during your charter.

• MEGA PARTY YACHTS | CHARTER YACHT FLEET

125’ Royal Princess

Luxury Catamaran

128’ Sir Winston

125’ Winston II

Party Boat Fleet

Corporate Charter Yachts, Party Boats & Exclusive Yacht Rentals From Miami to West Palm Beach!

Corporate Yacht Charters in Miami have never been MORE FUN Tikki Beach Charters offers the MOST UNIQUE CORPORATE PARTY BOATS, our team building activities and specialties are plenty, including treasure and scavenger hunts, sailing regattas, destination island day cruises, and more. A wide variety of menus and beverage selections are available and prepared by on board chefs and mixologists, or you have the option to hire your personal caterer or chef to cater your event. Our party boats and private charter yachts can accommodate many sized groups. Chartering a yacht is a great idea for multi-level events, as most of our yachts have three to five separate party areas on board, for groups up to 600 guests. Perfect for exhibits, conventions, trade shows, fashion shows, product launch, suitable for those events that require layered production space.

We promote flexible pricing and pride ourselves in listening to our clients needs and creating events with limitless possibilities. Our event sales team carries a positive attitude of ‘Yes We Can!’ so please be assured in knowing that every aspect of your event will be handled diligently, delicately and personally. We will always provide you with at least three venue choices for your event, with multiple packages per vessel, giving you an honest overview of the best choices for your needs. Again, we are flexible, so please let us know what our competition is offering and we will do our very best to match or beat others pricing.

A lot of people look forward to Friday and Saturday night and going out to the bars or clubs with friends. Are you done going to the same bars every weekend and ready to do something a little different? Renting a luxurious yacht for a party in Miami is the best way to spice things up for your party scene. Miami is known for its great weather and beautiful beaches so what better way to enjoy the South Florida sunshine than by renting a party boat? At Tikki Beach Charters we have a large fleet of the most luxurious yachts in Miami. If you’re tired of going to the same clubs every weekend try something different by renting a Luxury Party Boat in Miami

From birthday parties to office parties and everything else you may be celebrating renting a private yacht is the perfect way to celebrate. Get outside and enjoy the beautiful weather that Miami has to offer while enjoying the beauty of being out on the ocean! At Tikki Beach Charters we have a large fleet of a variety of different sized luxury yachts available for rental. We can help you select the perfect yacht for your next party, big or small. We have yachts that can accommodate smaller groups with as little as 15 people all the way to large groups with up to 1,000 people. The next time you’re looking to get away from the club scene and throw a party that won’t be forgotten contact our team at Tikki Beach Charters.

Maybe you have a party coming up and you want to go all out to celebrate. Or maybe you own a business and want to throw a cooperate event or party for your employees. There are many different reasons as to why you may want to have a party, and we can’t think of a better way to celebrate than by going out on the ocean in a beautiful private yacht. Our professional staff is here to accommodate all your needs to ensure your party is a success.

Call our team at Tikki Beach Charters today to plan your next big party. From small groups to large gatherings we have the perfect yacht available for you to rent. Not only do we have the best selection of Private Yachts available in Miami, but we also have the most competitive prices in the industry. Call us today to learn more about how you can rent a luxurious yacht for your next party.

The Most Unique Party and Private Yachts in Miami and South Florida​

• PARTY YACHTS
• PRIVATE YACHTS
• CATAMARAN BOATS
• PARTIES AND EVENTS
• TIKKI BEACH CHARTERS, LLC
• (305) 350-2112
• [email protected]
• 1900 N Bayshore Dr. A1-135
• Miami, FL 33132

© 2010 TIKKI BEACH CHARTERS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

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YACHT CHARTERS & PARTY BOAT RENTALS IN NYC

• YACHTS for all seasons

Serving NYC, NJ, Long Island, CT, PA, and the Hudson River

Looking for an unforgettable New York City experience aboard the private yacht of your dreams? Call Yachts For All Seasons  today at 212-534-6380  or fill out our brief form and prepare to step aboard an unparalleled journey of epic proportions. We conveniently provide the finest selection of Yacht Charters, Sailboats, Dinner Boats, and Party Boat Rentals in NYC. We accommodate private boat charters for a romantic couple … and up to 1200 guests for larger weddings and private & corporate yacht chartered events.

America 2.0

Clipper City

Cloud 9 III

Cornucopia Destiny

Cornucopia Majesty

Cornucopia Princess

Eastern Star

Emerald Princess

Harbor Lights

Horizon’s Edge

Imagine That

John James Audubon

Liberty Belle

Majestic Princess

Manhattan Elite

Mariner III

Oceanbreeze

Paddle Wheel Queen

Paradigm Shift

Skyline Princess

Spirit of New Jersey

Spirit of New York

Spirit of Philadelphia

Star of America

The Ben Franklin

These prestigious yachts for rent spend most of their time in the New York, New Jersey and Connecticut harbors, and there are many more boats that charter seasonally on the East Coast. Our expert event planners can also help you find yacht charters to other locations, if that better suits your parties needs.

Complimentary Free Consultation

Get a FREE consultation by submitting a  Quote Request  now, or conveniently browse through our NYC Charter Yachts below until you’re ready.

Browse each yacht for additional views, points of departure and rental information!

New York Yacht Charter Marinas New Jersey Yacht Charter Marinas Connecticut Yacht Charter Marinas

Rent the best party boats

• Party Boat Rentals

Our top party boat rentals

Fort Lauderdale, FL

*NEW* 2022 22' Sun Tracker Pontoon in Fort Lauderdale, FL!

BEST Wakesurf Boat in Austin, Tx.

Get 1 hour free! 37' Sea Ray Sundance / no additional fees

Bradenton Beach, FL

Spacious Luxury Sail / Power Catamaran / 13 Guests Anna Maria Longboat

Mooresville, NC

2021 Tahoe Cascade Tritoon - 25’ Quad Lounger

PORTOFINO 🐬 BRAND NEW 23 FT PONTOON GODFREY 🌴 🎁

Get 1 HR FREE! Beautiful 32 FT Sea Ray!!

Apollo Beach, FL

2022 Crest Tritoon 23' W/200 HP

Boca Raton, FL

⚓️24' Pontoon Party Boat, Lake Boca, Free Gas⛽️! Seats 13!

Somerville, TX

22Ft Beachcomber Pontoon at Lake Somerville! Lake delivery!

**1 FREE HOUR** BEAUTIFUL 46 FOOT YACHT NO HIDDEN FEES 13 GUESTS MAX

Create Lasting Memories on the Water with Our Bayliner VR6!

Broken Bow, OK

New! Well Equipped Pontoon for 10 People

Key West, FL

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Why Boatsetter?

As the global leader in peer-to-peer boat rentals, Boatsetter offers an easy, safe and accessible way to experience on-the-water adventure. With boat rentals in 600+ locations, finding a boat is easy and with the option to tap into the largest network of USCG licensed captains, boating experience is not required.

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Choosing the right boat rental platform is essential to your peace of mind while on the water. That's why we've gone the extra mile to focus on safety through our exclusive partnership with GEICO Marine and BoatUS. As the first and only boat rental marketplace to offer insurance on every peer-to-peer rental, you are protected during all rentals with insurance coverage and on-water assistance through TowBoatUS.

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Frequently asked questions

What makes Boatsetter different from other boat rental platforms?

What makes Boatsetter different is peace of mind. Boatsetter is the first and only boat rental marketplace to offer insurance on every peer-to-peer boat rental. We know choosing the right boat rental platform is essential to your experience while on the water. That's why we've gone the extra mile to focus on safety through our exclusive partnership with GEICO Marine and BoatUS. As the first and only boat rental marketplace to offer insurance on every peer-to-peer rental, you are protected during all rentals with insurance coverage and on-water assistance through TowBoatUS.

How to rent a boat on Boatsetter?

At Boatsetter, our mission is to make getting out on the water as easy as possible. With our intuitive booking system, you can rent a boat as soon as today. -First, you must determine your budget and the type of boat you want to rent. -Next, decide where you would like to boat and the kind of boat you would like to spend the day on. -Finally, determine if you will be needing a boat captain and reach out to the boat owner. That’s it! You’re officially on your way to a fantastic day out on the water.

How much does it cost to rent a boat?

The cost to rent a boat depends on whether you are renting for a half-day or a full day, the boat features and the boat size can impact your boat rental price. Rental prices can range from $200 to $1,000 plus depending on the boat rental itself and the length of time of the rental.

How many people can fit on the boat rental?

The number of people who can fit on boat rental largely depends on the boat’s size and how many life jackets are on board. Currently the coast guard allows a maximum of 10-12 people on a Boatsetter boat rental.

How much does it cost to rent a yacht?

The cost of renting a yacht depends on the boat’s size and the amount of time you’ll use the yacht. The onboard amenities and luxurious accommodations also dictate the price. You can contact our yacht specialists for a custom quote by visiting https://www.boatsetter.com/luxury-yacht-charters .

How old do you have to be to rent a boat?

You must be 18 years old to rent a captained boat and 25 years old if you would like to rent a bareboat charter.

Do I need a boating license to rent a boat?

Boating license requirements vary from state to state. As a renter, you are responsible for understanding local state requirements.

Can you rent a yacht for the day?

Boatsetter allows you to rent a yacht for the day. Single-day yacht rentals are available for a select number of yachts. To chat with a yacht specialist please visit https://www.boatsetter.com/luxury-yacht-charters .

Can you rent a yacht for the week?

Boatsetter allows its customers to rent a yacht for the week. Renting a yacht for a week gives you more access to the wide range of yachts available on our platform. You can either book a rental directly through the site or connect with one of our charter specialists to plan your trip here: https://www.boatsetter.com/luxury-yacht-charters .

Can you rent a yacht for the month?

Booking a month-long yacht rental is a detailed and hands-off process when working with our team of yacht charter specialists. We tailor each yacht charter to our client's specific wants and needs. Our luxury yacht charter specialists can be reached at (954) 715-4114 or by visiting https://www.boatsetter.com/luxury-yacht-charters .

How to rent a private yacht?

Renting a private yacht is a very detailed experience that caters to your exact needs while onboard one of our luxury yachts. To plan your private yacht rentals experience please visit https://www.boatsetter.com/luxury-yacht-charters .

How much does it cost to rent a pontoon boat?

The cost of renting a pontoon boat depends on the size, location, and rental time of the boat. Prices can range anywhere from $200 for a half-day rental or just under a $1,000 for longer rentals.

How much does it cost to charter a yacht?

The cost to charter a yacht varies depending on the boat size and the length of the charter. Prices typically range from less than $1,000 to $5,000 plus if you’re wanting to charter the yacht overnight.

How much does it cost to rent a boat for the day?

The cost of renting a boat for the day on average ranges from $200 to $1200. The cost to rent a boat varies depending on the size of the boat and the length of time that you will be using the boat.

How does the boat insurance work?

Boat insurance typically covers loss caused by things such as fire, sinking, storms, and collisions. The extent of the coverage varies depending on the policy.

Do I need my own insurance to rent a boat?

You do not need boat insurance when renting with Boatsetter. Coverage is provided under the Peer-to-Peer Boat Rental Policy, which is underwritten by GEICO Marine Insurance Company. The policy was written from the ground up as a stand-alone recreational boat rental insurance policy covering the period of time that the boat is being rented and is available for all non-commercially insured boats.

Does Boatsetter screen renters?

Yes. We use a system called Cognito to ensure that payment information matches the renter's identity. We also require renters taking out a captained boat to be at least 18 years old and on a bareboat to be at least 25 years old.

Is listing my boat on Boatsetter free?

Yes! Listing a boat is completely free. We only take a commission when your boat is rented. We only make money when you do!

What if I'm not comfortable having a renter drive my boat?

If you are not comfortable having a renter drive your boat, we have an expansive network of licensed and experienced captains. Once your boat is listed, you can filter through our network of captains and favorite captains in your area that you would like to operate your boat.

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Boatsetter lets you make money renting out your party boat. Peace of mind and insurance is included in every rental, and you choose who rents your party boat.

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FinanceBuzz

16 Yacht Charters That Make for a Strangely Affordable Family Vacation

Posted: December 11, 2023 | Last updated: December 12, 2023

While a yacht may be the first thing that pops to mind when you think of the ultra-wealthy, chartering one might not be as expensive as you think. When you're splitting the costs between several family members or friends you are paying for transportation and stay and it can make sense financially.

You can also  keep money in your wallet  by selecting an older vessel or taking charge of sailing yourself (hiring a crew always costs extra).

So let’s take a look at options that may be within reach for people who aren’t living paycheck to paycheck but aren’t brunching with the Kardashians either.

Editor's note: prices are subject to change and may vary depending on the time of the year.

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San Antonio motor yacht

The San Antonio is a luxury motor yacht measuring 146 feet in length that was built in 2018. This huge vessel is capable of accommodating 36 guests in 18 cabins.

The cost to charter it starts at $21,000 per week plus expenses, not including a crew of eight (which we recommend).

Divide the cost by capacity, and that’s only $583 per person per week to start. That’s practically unbeatable for a boat of this size, allowing you to make other savvy moves with your money .

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Virginia Mia motor yacht

Constructed in 2001 (with several subsequent refits), the Virginia Mia is another luxury motor yacht that’s 95 feet in length.

Custom-designed by Nuvolari Lenard, this vessel can sleep eight guests in four cabins as well as an additional crew of four.

Still, thanks to the age of the yacht, the cost of chartering starts at $15,000 plus expenses per week, or just under $2,000 per guest sans crew.

Nautilus sailing yacht

White motor yachts are convenient and luxe, sailing yachts promise a more traditional experience.

At nearly 125 feet, the Nautilus is a large option styled by Robert Delus. Built in 2008, it sleeps 10 guests in five cabins. At this size, you'll likely need a crew of six.

The cost to charter this beauty starts at $17,500 per week sans expenses, again just under $2,000 per person — which really isn't bad for all you're getting.

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Aegean Clipper sailing yacht

The Aegean Clipper is another sailing vessel, this one built all the way back in 1999 — which translates into cost savings for you.

The yacht is another biggie at nearly 135 feet. With 11 cabins, the boat can accommodate up to 24 guests plus five crew members as needed.

In total, your group will have to shell out a minimum of $13,000 plus expenses per week — just over $379 per person. That's a great deal, comparatively speaking.

Silver Fox expedition yacht

If you're looking for something a little smaller that can go the distance, the Silver Fox expedition yacht might be for you.

Built in 2009, the 72-foot yacht accommodates six guests in three cabins for a more intimate experience. There's room for a crew of two if you need their expertise.

With a starting cost of $16,500 per week, the Silver Fox will run each person over $2,700 per week, but the small group may be worth it.

Tivoli expedition yacht

Traveling with a group of the same size but want more length and a bigger crew?

The Tivoli expedition yacht, constructed in 2001 and remodeled in 2010, can fit four crew members. This stunner is just over 90 feet long and can take you on those long hauls.

Yes, it will cost more at $25,000 per week, or over $4,100 per person. But if you can afford it, it’s a dream come true out on the open water.

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Shangri-La classic yacht

Classics are classics for a reason, as they stand the test of time. Such is the case with the Shangri-La, a vintage yacht sure to take you to that magical place.

This vessel sleeps six in three cabins and promises to be child-friendly. The Shangri-La was constructed way back in 1965, and it is 82 feet long with space for three crew members.

A week on this rig will cost you $16,500, or just over $2,700 a pop.

Sai Kung classic yacht

Another vintage beauty, the Sai Kung classic yacht was born in 1975 and got a makeover in 2015. That updated this 79-foot vessel that can sleep nine people in four cabins.

Be sure you’re a nautical whiz, as there’s no room for additional crew here, but that will only save you money.

All told, the Sai Kung will set your group back $17,500 per week, just under $2,000 per person.

Glorious open yacht

Outdoor yachts are designed for those who truly want to live outside, which you can do easily on the Glorious.

This sporty 72-footer is ready to help you dive, scuba, and more, with room for six guests in three cabins. You can bring a crew of two for extra help, of course.

Built in 2007 and remodeled nine years later, chartering the Glorious will run you $16,500 per week, again $2,700 per person.

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Speedy T open yacht

Looking for a bigger open yacht that’s perfect for swim buffs? Charter the Speedy T, a vessel that’s 80 feet long and primed for dips in refreshing ocean waters.

Like many of the yachts on this list, it accommodates six guests in three cabins and has room for three crew members.

All told, one week on this sleek ship — built in 1994 and renovated in 2011 — is $19,500 before expenses, translating to $3,250 per head. But the adventure promises to be unforgettable.

Etoile Magique catamaran yacht

With extra stability even at higher speeds, catamaran yachts like the Etoile Magique are great options for adventure.

This 80-foot vessel is roomy for its size, with room for 16 guests in eight cabins. There’s space for a three-person crew, too.

Constructed in 2004 and remodeled a decade later, this is a budget-friendly adventure in the making. At $18,710 per week before expenses, that shakes out to a bit over $1,100 apiece.

Fuerte 3 catamaran yacht

Meaning “strong” in Spanish, the Fuerte 3 catamaran yacht — built in 2004 and renovated in 2010 — offers a more intimate experience than the Etoile Magique, with space for nine guests in four cabins.

On the smaller side, at 67 feet, you can bring two crew members along if you need them. The price tag for one week is around $22,000, or just over $2,400 a pop. This vessel is best in shallower waters.

Astrape sport fishing yacht

If your idea of the perfect vacation is sport fishing, this boat is for you. The Astrape sport fishing yacht comes with top-of-the-line fishing equipment so you can catch your dream fish.

Built in 2008 and remodeled in 2016, the 76-foot vessel sleeps eight in four cabins. It also has room for three crew members.

On the pricier side at $29,000, a week will cost each person nearly $3,700 — worth it if you can show off that once-in-a-lifetime catch, though!

Barefoot sport fishing yacht

Giving us some real Orca energy, the Barefoot sport fishing yacht was built in 2006 — much later than that famed vessel from "Jaws."

The 64-foot boat is designed for fishing in shallower waters, perfect for you and five friends who will share three cabins. Two crew members can fit, too.

This yacht is cheaper than the Astrape at $17,500, so six folks will pay just under $3,000 a head per week.

Prenses Lila gulet yacht

Gulet yachts are known for their tall masts, ample deck space, and Turkish origins — perfect for a Mediterranean voyage.

To that end, the Prenses Lila is an excellent option for groups of 18. At 114 feet with eight cabins and space for five crew members, this boat beckons.

You can charter Prenses Lila — built in 2009 and remodeled in 2009 — for $17,500 per week in September.

Dreamland gulet yacht

The second gulet yacht and the final boat we’re covering is Dreamland, which will surely take you there. 

Constructed in 2006, 12 guests can sleep in six suites on this 105-foot vessel as well as five crew members.

You can book Dreamland for around $26,000 in high season. Divide that by 12, and you land on about $2,200 per person. That might require some financial fitness , but yachts like this don’t come around every day.

Bottom line

Spending your days sunning and swimming aboard a luxurious yacht may seem like an out-of-reach proposition, but we’re here to tell you it’s possible.

In fact, with planning and savvy budgeting, you can score your dream seafaring adventure. You can even use your favorite credit card to book and earn travel rewards .

Traveling by charter yacht is also more environmentally friendly than flying, which means you can feel good about your sailing vacation.

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YALLA Yacht – Impressive $80M Superyacht

The luxury YALLA yacht is a multi-award-winning yacht built by CRN Yachts. The YALLA was delivered from CRN’s Ancona shipyard in 2014.

The award-winning interior was designed by CRN’s interior design team in collaboration with Droulers Architecture.

Omega Architects contributed to the exterior design of the yacht. The YALLA is the very definition of a luxury experience on the water.

YALLA yacht interior

The stunning interior of the YALLA yacht was designed by Droulers Architecture in collaboration with CRN’s in-house Interiors and Design Office.

There is accommodation for 12 guests in 6 deluxe staterooms, including an owner’s suite and VIP staterooms.

The guest accommodations all have the best quality furnishings, amenities, and en-suite bathrooms.

There are facilities for 22 highly trained crew members, making the yachting experience of the highest quality for guests.

The yacht has many features that include a beach club that creates an area for indoor-outdoor living level with the water.

There is a pool, a well-equipped gym, and plenty of areas for socializing and al fresco dining opportunities.

There is an abundance of options for sunbathing on the YALLA. The garage has a limousine tender and many water toys that offer fun and action while aboard the yacht.

The interior of the YALLA yacht was a finalist for The ShowBoats Design Awards 2015 for Interior Design in a Motor Yacht over 500GT.

The exterior of the YALLA yacht was a finalist for the Naval Architecture Award on a Displacement Motor Yacht and the Exterior Design & Styling Award on a Motor Yacht over 500GT at The ShowBoats Design Awards 2015.

With its four spacious decks and sleek and sporty lines, the YALLA is an eye-catching yacht on the water. She was delivered in 2014 with a steel hull and an aluminum superstructure.

The design was penned by Omega Architects and built at the CRN shipyard in Ancona, Italy. CRN is a builder of luxury superyachts, and YALLA was a custom build for the shipyard.

Specification

The 73m YALLA yacht is powered by 2 Caterpillar engines , which gives her a top speed of 18.5 knots and a cruising speed of 12.5 knots. The YALLA has a range of 5500 nautical miles at her cruising speed.

She has a beam of 12.8m and a draft of 3.4m, with a displacement of 1709 gross tons.

She features at-anchor stabilizers that afford guests exceptional comfort levels by reducing the rolling motion of the yacht on the water.

The YALLA costs $5 – $8 Million per annum to operate.

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Crn megayachts.

YACHT ID NUMBER

YEAR LAUNCHED

LENGTH OVER ALL

73.00 m / 239 ft 5 in

NAVAL ARCHITECT

CRN Engineering

EXTERIOR DESIGN

INTERIOR DESIGN

Exclusive travelling in safe relaxation,

exploring shallow waters and anchoring closer to the shore

YALLA is a bespoke superyacht characterized by sleek, slender and sporty lines, which make the profile particularly streamlined. With 5 decks, M/Y she can host up to 12 guests in her six cabins, including the Owner Suite and VIP cabins, together with a crew of 22.

Specifications

HULL/ SUPERSTRUCTURE

Steel/Aluminium

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Tax code and VAT no. 04485970968 Registered Office Via Irma Bandiera, 62 – 47841 Cattolica (RN) Italy REA no. RN 296608 - Companies Register no. 04485970968 Share capital € 338.482.654,00 fully paid-up PEC: [email protected]

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Motor Yacht

The external profile of this vessel has been designed by Omega Architects, in close collaboration with the CRN Engineering Department which developed the naval project, while their interiors have been created by Droulers Architecture, which has worked in close collaboration with the shipyard’s Interiors and Design Office.

The new megayacht, the first to be built by CRN on the new naval platform of 12.50 metres in width, is characterized by sleek, slender and sporty lines, which make the profile particularly streamlined. With 5 decks, M/Y CRN 132 73 m can host up to 12 guests in its six cabins, including the Owner Suite and Vip cabins, together with a crew of 22 members.

The construction of this new jewel of the sea, which includes the best design solutions realized by CRN, has required around 430,000 hours of work from the shipyard workers and subcontractors and the daily contribution of over 150 direct and indirect workers.

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If you have any questions about the YALLA information page below please contact us .

YALLA hit the water in 2014 at the CRN shipyard in Ancona. She was built under the shipyard build number CRN 132 is a luxurious 73-metre displacement vessel. Her main characteristics include sleek, slender and sporty exterior lines by Omega Architects, in close collaboration with the CRN Engineering Department. Her beautifully executed interior design has been created by Droulers Architecture, with tight collaboration with the yard’s in-house Interiors and Design Office. In 2014, YALLA received an award for the ‘Best Exterior Design’ at the Invictus Yachts Trophies competition.

YALLA’s NOTABLE FEATURES: Sleek, sporty lines ~ Award-winning design by Omega Architects ~ Great socialising areas ~ Fantastic al fresco dining possibilities ~ Excellent beach club ~ Pool ~ Well-equipped gymnasium ~ Beautiful limousine tender ~ Plenty of sunbathing option

Spreading over four spacious and magnificent decks, the this 73-metre vessel offers accommodation for up to 12 guests in six deluxe staterooms overnight, including the sumptuous Owner Suite and Vip staterooms. There is also accommodation for a numerous and highly trained crew of 22 members, taking care of guests every need with exceptional attention to detail and guests on board.

YALLA Specifications

YALLA was designed with numerous exceptional design solutions to promote on board entertainment, social life and relaxation. One of the main features must be the onboard wellness situated on the lower deck, that includes a beach club, large swimming pool as well as a well-equipped fitness area.

Made of steel and aluminium, YALLA is fitter with twin Caterpillar 3512B diesel engines. She is ABS classed and MCA compliant.

Yacht Accommodation

Accommodation is spread over six beautifully appointed staterooms, including one spacious deluxe owner accommodation. All staterooms over private en suite bathroom facilities and best quality furnishings and amenities.

Amenities and Extras

Custom made limousine tender by Younique Yachts amongst others, as well as a selection of water toys for guests entertainment.

YALLA Disclaimer:

The luxury yacht YALLA displayed on this page is merely informational and she is not necessarily available for yacht charter or for sale, nor is she represented or marketed in anyway by CharterWorld. This web page and the superyacht information contained herein is not contractual. All yacht specifications and informations are displayed in good faith but CharterWorld does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the current accuracy, completeness, validity, or usefulness of any superyacht information and/or images displayed. All boat information is subject to change without prior notice and may not be current.

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Off the hook yachts acquires georgetown yacht basin.

Jan 10, 2023

Off the Hook Yachts Acquires 300-Slip Marina in Georgetown Maryland  

The Acquisition 

Off the Hook Yachts is proud to announce the acquisition of Georgetown Yacht Basin (GYB) now rebranding under Georgetown Yacht Haven – a 300-boat slip full-service marina located on the Sassafras River in Georgetown, MD.  Off the Hook plans to restore the yacht basin to its former glory and reconnect with the local community in order to establish it as a household name in the area. 

As our founder is originally from Maryland, this will complement our current presence in the area, along with our MD sales team, which currently operates out of Bay Bridge Marina. The acquisition of the marina will allow us to expand on sales, service, and custom-built Nor-Tech Performance Boat sales in the region. Georgetown Yacht Haven has 300 slips, two paint sheds that can hold up to a 110-foot yacht, a 110-ton travel lift, a fuel dock, a swimming pool, bathhouses, and a complete ship store, along with many other amenities. GYH controls the largest travel lift in Northern Chesapeake Bay.

About Off the Hook Yacht Sales

Off The Hook Yacht Sales NC, LLC, based in Wilmington, North Carolina, was founded in 2012 by Jason Ruegg and has now become the largest marine wholesaler in North America. The company provides wholesale purchasing services for brokerages, new boat dealers, and private individuals, and has become a household name at the largest brokerages and dealerships in the Country. Off the Hook Yachts headquarters is in Wilmington, North Carolina, where it remains today. We have 12 other locations currently in the USA, with expansion plans for 2023. Additionally, OTH is proud to represent Nor-Tech Hi-Performance Boats from Georgia to Maine and Yellowfin Boats from Miami to the Florida Keys.  

About Georgetown Yacht Haven 

Georgetown Yacht Haven was originally constructed in 1949. The marina is situated on 14.26 acres along the Sassafras River.  This river is known for its very deep brackish to freshwater – making it ideal for boating in the Upper Chesapeake area.  Georgetown Yacht Haven is a full-service marina and shipyard with a restaurant and hotel on site.  For more information contact Tristan Price at (410) 648-5112 / [email protected] .

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COCOA BEAN YACHT CHARTER

73.99m  /  242'9   trinity yachts   2014 / 2020.

• Previous Yacht

Cabin Configuration

Special Features:

• Full-beam master suite with option for private lounge
• Custom-designed Jacuzzi
• Convenient guest elevator
• Generous sea-level beach club
• Huge choice of water sport toys
• Wheelhouse gym
• Generous exterior deck areas

The biggest delivery in the US in 2014, there are no end of well-equipped, luxurious living spaces on board the magnificent superyacht 'Cocoa Bean'.

The 73.76m/242' 'Cocoa Bean' motor yacht built by the American shipyard Trinity Yachts is available for charter for up to 12 guests in 6 cabins. This yacht features interior styling by British designer Evan K Marshall.

Built in 2014, Cocoa Bean is custom-built for world-class luxury yacht chartering, offering a wealth of spacious living areas and fabulous amenities, you'll be in for a treat from the moment you step on board. She has sensational features such as an elevator, beach club and gym.

Guest Accommodation

Cocoa Bean offers guest accommodation for up to 12 guests in 6 suites comprising a master suite located on the main deck, one VIP cabin, two double cabins and two twin cabins. There are 6 beds in total, including 4 king and 4 singles. A crew of nineteen, who specialize in creating exceptional charters, are on hand to provide guests with a yacht charter vacation to remember.

Onboard Comfort & Entertainment

Keeping comfortable and entertained on Cocoa Bean is easy thanks to the available amenities, particularly a beach club for you to relax on the edge of the water. Maintain your fitness routine and work out in the well-equipped gym or soak up the bubbles in style in the deck jacuzzi.

Whatever your activities on your charter, you'll find some impressive features are seamlessly integrated to help you, particularly an elevator, making any part of the yacht quickly and easily accessible. Whether you want to work, use social media or stream movies on board this yacht, you can with Wi-Fi connectivity or guests will experience complete comfort while chartering thanks to air conditioning.

Performance & Range

Cocoa Bean is built with a steel hull and aluminium superstructure. Powered by twin Caterpillar engines, she comfortably cruises at 14 knots, reaches a maximum speed of 15 knots with a range of up to 6,000 nautical miles from her 242,266 litre fuel tanks at 13 knots. An advanced stabilisation system on board reduces the side-to-side roll of the yacht and promises guests exceptional comfort levels at anchor or when underway.

Cocoa Bean knows a thing or two about fun on the water, with a selection of water toys and accessories for you and your guests to enjoy whilst on charter. Take to the sea on the Jet Skis offering you power and control on the water. Also there are waterskis that are hugely entertaining whether you are a beginner or a seasoned pro. Additionally, there are two kayaks - a tranquil and relaxing way to pass the time. If that isn't enough Cocoa Bean also features scuba diving equipment, inflatable water toys, paddleboards and snorkelling equipment. Cocoa Bean features two tenders, but leading the pack is a 7.62m/25' Chapman RIB to transport you in style.

Cocoa Bean is available upon request for charter this winter. She is already accepting bookings this summer for cruising in the Mediterranean.

This ocean-going luxury charter motor yacht carries up to 19 professional crew who will cater to your every need.

TESTIMONIALS

There are currently no testimonials for Cocoa Bean, please provide .

Cocoa Bean Photos

Amenities & Entertainment

For your relaxation and entertainment Cocoa Bean has the following facilities, for more details please speak to your yacht charter broker.

Cocoa Bean is reported to be available to Charter with the following recreation facilities:

• 1 x 7.62m  /  25' Chapman Transition RIB Volvo 300 HP engine
• 1 x Riva Iseo Tender Yamaha 260 HP engine

For a full list of all available amenities & entertainment facilities, or price to hire additional equipment please contact your broker.

• + shortlist

For a full list of all available amenities & entertainment facilities, or price to hire additional equipment please contact your broker.

'Cocoa Bean' Charter Rates & Destinations

Summer Season

May - September

€550,000 p/week + expenses Approx $597,000

High Season

€650,000 p/week + expenses Approx $706,000

Cruising Regions

Mediterranean Croatia, France, Italy, Monaco, Montenegro

HOT SPOTS:   Amalfi Coast, Corsica, French Riviera, Sardinia

Winter Season

October - April

€600,000 p/week + expenses Approx $651,500

Please enquire .

Charter Cocoa Bean

To charter this luxury yacht contact your charter broker , or we can help you.

To charter this luxury yacht contact your charter broker or

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SEASONAL CHARTER RATES

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73m superyacht Yalla launched by CRN

Italian yacht builder CRN has launched its 73m superyacht Yalla .

CRN welcomed more than 1,000 guests to the launching ceremony of CRN 132 Yalla , held late this morning at its shipyard in Ancona, Italy. The launch ceremony included speeches from Alberto Galassi, new CEO of the Ferretti Group , Lamberto Tacoli, Chairman and CEO of CRN, Xinyu Xu, Vice-chairman of Weichai Group, and the Mayor of Ancona Valeria Mancinelli.

Part of the Ferretti Group,  CRN  specialises in custom yachts up to 90 metres in steel and aluminium. Yalla is the first yacht built by CRN on its new 12.5m beam platform. More than 430,000 hours from CRN and its subcontractors were spent on Yalla 's build, with contributions from 150 employees.

Exterior styling comes from Omega Architects in The Netherlands, in close collaboration with the CRN Engineering Department. The five-deck motor yacht features sleek, sporty lines and a streamlined profile. Superyacht Yalla 's interiors are by Droulers Architecture, working with CRN's Interiors and Design Office. She hosts up to 12 guests in its six cabins, including an owner's suite and VIP cabins, along with 22 crew members.

'Following the launch of CRN 133 61m superyacht a few months ago, we are proud to celebrate the launch of the new Yalla of 73m, which represents a challenge and an objective for the whole CRN shipyard,' says Lamberto Tacoli, Chairman and CEO of CRN. ' Yalla will mark another important result for the development of CRN in the world. A sincere thanks for the trust of the owner and for the work of all employees and subcontractors who have worked on the project, to the architects Franck Laupman of Omega Architects and to Droulers Architecture. I also thank our shareholder Weichai Group and the new CEO of the Group Alberto Galassi for their participation in this important event for CRN and for the whole Ferretti Group.'

The Ferretti Group currently has five superyachts underway at the Ancona shipyard, including the 74m CRN 131, 55m CRN 134, a Ferretti Custom Line CL 124, the 61m CRN 133 and the Riva 122 Mythos , which are at the delivery stage.

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Strange Glow Over Moscow Skies Triggers Panic as Explosions Reported

B right flashes lit up the night sky in southern Moscow in the early hours of Thursday morning, new footage appears to show, following reports of an explosion at an electrical substation on the outskirts of the city.

Video snippets circulating on Russian-language Telegram channels show a series of flashes on the horizon of a cloudy night sky, momentarily turning the sky a number of different colors. In a clip shared by Russian outlet MSK1.ru, smoke can be seen rising from a building during the flashes lighting up the scene.

Newsweek was unable to independently verify the details of the video clips, including when and where it was filmed. The Russian Ministry of Emergency situations has been contacted via email.

Several Russian Telegram accounts said early on Thursday that residents of southern Moscow reported an explosion and a fire breaking out at an electrical substation in the Leninsky district, southeast of central Moscow.

Local authorities in the Leninsky district told Russian outlet RBC that the explosion had happened in the village of Molokovo. "All vital facilities are operating as normal," Leninsky district officials told the outlet.

The incident at the substation in Molokovo took place just before 2 a.m. local time, MSK1.ru reported.

Messages published by the ASTRA Telegram account, run by independent Russian journalists, appear to show residents close to the substation panicking as they question the bright flashes in the sky. One local resident describes seeing the bright light before losing access to electricity, with another calling the incident a "nightmare."

More than 10 villages and towns in the southeast of Moscow lost access to electricity, the ASTRA Telegram account also reported. The town of Lytkarino to the southeast of Moscow, lost electricity, wrote the eastern European-based independent outlet, Meduza.

Outages were reported in the southern Domodedovo area of the city, according to another Russian outlet, as well as power failures in western Moscow. Electricity was then restored to the areas, the Strana.ua outlet reported.

The cause of the reported explosion is not known. A Telegram account aggregating news for the Lytkarino area described the incident as "an ordinary accident at a substation."

The MSK1.ru outlet quoted a local resident who speculated that a drone may have been responsible for the explosion, but no other Russian source reported this as a possible cause.

Ukraine has repeatedly targeted Moscow with long-range aerial drones in recent months, including a dramatic wave of strikes in late May.

On Sunday, Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin said the region's air defense systems had intercepted an aerial drone over the city of Elektrostal, to the east of Moscow. No damage or casualties were reported, he said.

The previous day, Russian air defenses detected and shot down another drone flying over the Bogorodsky district, northeast of central Moscow, Sobyanin said.

There is currently no evidence that an aerial drone was responsible for the reported overnight explosion at the electrical substation in southern Moscow.

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M/Y Yalla. M/Y Yalla is a luxury yacht built by CRN Yacht and designed by Omega Architects, with interior design by Droulers Architecture. The yacht was delivered to its owner in 2014 and measures 73 meters in length. This superyacht has the capacity to accommodate 12 guests in 6 suites and is equipped with facilities for 22 crew members.

DNV (Det Norske Veritas) 1A1 LC Yacht R0 classification. Private beach club. The 46.7m/153'3" motor yacht 'Yalla' was built by Heesen in the Netherlands at their Oss shipyard. Her interior is styled by design house Art Line and she was delivered to her owner in July 2004. This luxury vessel's exterior design is the work of Omega Architects.

This 47 m (153 foot) luxury yacht was made by Heesen Yachts in 2004. Motor Yacht YALLA is a capacious superyacht. The yacht is a recent full displacement yacht. The naval architect that made this yacht's design details with respect to this ship was Heesen Yachts Design Team. Her initial interior design work is the brain child of Art-Line ...

YALLA Yacht - Impressive $80M Superyacht. Home > Superyachts. December 27, 2022. 1. The luxury YALLA yacht is a multi-award-winning yacht built by CRN Yachts. The YALLA was delivered from CRN's Ancona shipyard in 2014. The award-winning interior was designed by CRN's interior design team in collaboration with Droulers Architecture.

Designed for waterfront living with beach club. The 73m/239'6" motor yacht 'Yalla' was built by CRN in Italy at their Ancona shipyard. Her interior is styled by design house Droulers Architecture and she was delivered to her owner in August 2014. This luxury vessel's exterior design is the work of Omega Architects.

Performance and Capabilities. Yalla has a top speed of 15.00 knots and a cruising speed of 12.00 knots. She is powered by 2 6125a diesel lugger engines and uses a twin screw propulsion system. Yalla has a fuel capacity of 60,000 litres, and a water capacity of 17,000 litres. She also has a range of 3,500 nautical miles.

Yalla is a motor yacht with an overall length of m. The yacht's builder is Heesen Yachts from The Netherlands, who launched Yalla in 2004. The superyacht has a beam of m, a draught of m and a volume of . GT.. Yalla features exterior design by Heesen Yachts and interior design by Art Line. Up to 10 guests can be accommodated on board the superyacht, Yalla, and she also has accommodation for 12 ...

Westport • $10,250,000 • 34.14 m • 8 guests. WIDER 210. Wider • €62,400,000 • 64.01 m • 14 guests. YALLA is a 46.7m superyacht built by Heesen Yachts in Netherlands and delivered in 2004. Explore her photos and specifications here.

YALLA es un superyate hecho a medida caracterizado por líneas elegantes, esbeltas y deportivas, que hacen que el perfil resulte especialmente fluido. Con sus 5 puentes, el megayate puede alojar en sus seis cabinas -la suite del armador y cinco cabinas VIP- hasta 12 invitados junto con los 22 miembros de la tripulación.

Yalla has a top speed of 35.00 knots and a cruising speed of 28.00 knots. She is powered by a twin waterjets propulsion system. Yalla is a custom motor yacht launched in 2006 by Overmarine in Massarosa, Italy and most recently refitted in 2019. Design. Yalla measures 33.40 metres in length, with a max draft of 1.27 metres and a beam of 7.06 metres.

YACHT ID NUMBER CRN 132 YEAR LAUNCHED 2014 LENGTH OVER ALL 73.00 m / 239 ft 5 in ... YALLA is a bespoke superyacht characterized by sleek, slender and sporty lines, which make the profile particularly streamlined. With 5 decks, M/Y she can host up to 12 guests in her six cabins, including the Owner Suite and VIP cabins, together with a crew of 22.

Send Media. Fleet Search. Length 73.0m. Year2014. Yalla. 2014. |. Motor Yacht. The external profile of this vessel has been designed by Omega Architects, in close collaboration with the CRN Engineering Department which developed the naval project, while their interiors have been created by Droulers Architecture, which has worked in close ...

YALLA is a 33.3 m Motor Yacht, built in Italy by Overmarine and delivered in 2023. She is one of 11 Mangusta GranSport 33 models. Her top speed is 25.0 kn and she boasts a maximum range of 330.0 nm when navigating at cruising speed, with power coming from four Volvo Penta diesel engines. She can accommodate up to 12 guests in 5 staterooms, with ...

Westport • $10,250,000 • 34.14 m • 8 guests. YALLA is a 73m superyacht built by CRN in Italy and delivered in 2014. Explore her photos and specifications here.

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YALLA a CRN Superyacht. If you have any questions about the YALLA information page below please contact us. YALLA hit the water in 2014 at the CRN shipyard in Ancona. She was built under the shipyard build number CRN 132 is a luxurious 73-metre displacement vessel. Her main characteristics include sleek, slender and sporty exterior lines by ...

The 33.3m/109'3" motor yacht 'Yalla' was built by Overmarine in Italy at their Viareggio shipyard. Her interior is styled by Italian designer design house Overmarine and she was delivered to her owner in April 2023. This luxury vessel's exterior design is the work of Alberto Mancini.

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Starting prices are shown in a range of currencies for a one-week charter, unless otherwise indicated. COCOA BEAN is a 74m luxury motor mega yacht available for charter built in 2014, refitted in 2020. Charter up to 12 guests in 6 cabins (1 Master, 1 VIP, 4 Double & 2 Twin) with a crew of 19.

Elektrostal, city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia.It lies 36 miles (58 km) east of Moscow city. The name, meaning "electric steel," derives from the high-quality-steel industry established there soon after the October Revolution in 1917. During World War II, parts of the heavy-machine-building industry were relocated there from Ukraine, and Elektrostal is now a centre for the ...

Italian yacht builder CRN has launched its 73m superyacht Yalla.. CRN welcomed more than 1,000 guests to the launching ceremony of CRN 132 Yalla, held late this morning at its shipyard in Ancona, Italy.The launch ceremony included speeches from Alberto Galassi, new CEO of the Ferretti Group, Lamberto Tacoli, Chairman and CEO of CRN, Xinyu Xu, Vice-chairman of Weichai Group, and the Mayor of ...

B right flashes lit up the night sky in southern Moscow in the early hours of Thursday morning, new footage appears to show, following reports of an explosion at an electrical substation on the ...

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Sean 'Diddy' Combs' son accused of sex assault in lawsuit that also names music mogul as defendant

LOS ANGELES — Sean “Diddy” Combs, who is a subject of a federal sex trafficking investigation , has been named as a defendant in a new lawsuit that alleges his son sexually assaulted a woman while she was working on a yacht the music mogul had chartered for a trip at the end of 2022. 

The allegation is the latest in a wave of lawsuits accusing Combs , 54, of sexual assault, sexual trafficking and engaging in other criminal activity. He has denied all the allegations, calling them sickening.

In the suit filed Thursday in Los Angeles County Superior Court, Grace O’Marcaigh alleges that Christian Combs, 26, sexually assaulted her in late December 2022 while she was working on a boat charter that had been “sold as a wholesome family excursion” but turned into a “hedonistic environment.” 

The alleged assault happened just days before Sean Combs hosted a New Year’s Eve yacht party with a long list of celebrity guests . 

Christian Combs is accused of sexual assault, sexual harassment and infliction of emotional distress in the lawsuit. Sean Combs is being sued for premises liability as the person who chartered the yacht and for aiding and abetting his son in the alleged assault. 

A lawyer for the father and son called Thursday's suit "lewd and meritless" and said it was "filled with the same kind of manufactured lies and irrelevant facts we’ve come to expect" from O’Marcaigh's lawyer, Tyrone Blackburn.

The lawyer, Aaron Dyer, said his legal team plans on filing a motion to dismiss the suit.

 “Like father, like son," Blackburn said Thursday night after the suit was filed. "It gives us no joy or pleasure in filing this suit against Christian Combs who has clearly adopted his father’s pattern and practice of depravity."

In the yacht studio

In her suit, O’Marcaigh alleges that Christian Combs drugged and sexually assaulted her. She included transcriptions of audio clips that she states are evidence of her denying his advances as he gropes her. The suit states that the clips were recorded by a producer in the studio. 

O’Marcaigh, who was 25 at the time of the alleged assault, worked as a steward providing dinner and drink service on the yacht from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. and witnessed partying and drug use between a “constant rotation of suspected sex workers” and celebrities, the suit states. She also alleges in the complaint that she suspected bottles of alcohol were laced with drugs because women began to fall over themselves, panic or pass out after just one drink. 

Around Dec. 28, 2022, O’Marcaigh was informed that Christian Combs would be joining the party to record with music producer Rodney “Lil Rod” Jones in the yacht’s makeshift studio, the suit states. 

Christian Combs had been staying on shore at a villa, but often joined his father in the evenings, according to the suit. The woman’s suit alleges that he arrived “heavily intoxicated” and that he paid an inappropriate amount of attention to her. 

Christian then pressured O’Marcaigh to take shots of tequila that she believes he brought onboard, according to the suit.

After she took the shot, O’Marcaigh states in the lawsuit, Christian Combs became aggressive and insisted she drink more. 

O’Marcaigh became fearful and began to feel the effect of the tequila, which she “quickly suspected” had been spiked, the suit states. 

The situation “escalated” as Christian Combs groped O’Marcaigh’s legs, breast, anus and vagina, the suit states. The suit details audio recordings in which it states O’Marcaigh can be heard declining alcohol, saying she had to leave, and telling Christian Combs to stop touching her with what sounds like kissing noises in the background.

The audio was recorded by Jones, the producer who was in the studio during the alleged assault and who has alleged in his own lawsuit that he was required to record Sean Combs “constantly” and had hours of footage in which the music mogul and his staff allegedly engaged in criminal conduct. 

NBC News has heard two clips of audio transcribed in the suit purportedly from the night of Dec. 28, 2022, but has not verified who was recorded. 

“Excuse me, you don’t touch my legs like that. I’ll move my legs where I want to,” O’Marcaigh is heard saying in the recording detailed in the suit. “If I want to do this, then I will. You don’t touch my legs like that.” 

“Listen, you and everybody in the crew,” Christian Combs allegedly replies. 

“I can’t, I have to go down,” O’Marcaigh says. “I have to go down.”

Christian Combs then insists that O’Marcaigh stay with him, but she responds that she cannot unless he makes that request to a crew leader, the suit states, citing the audio recording. 

O’Marcaigh answered this way because she knew “anyone of authority” who could approve the request would be asleep and Christian Combs would not be able to contact them, the suit states. 

“Who can I talk to? I’m going to say I requested you right now,” Christian Combs said, according to the suit.  

“Well, you can take your hand off my ass for the first thing,” O’Marcaigh responded. 

O’Marcaigh then attempted to resume her duties and finish her shift once she was able to leave the studio, the suit states. Christian Combs allegedly found her a short time later and insisted she find him a place to sleep.

She directed him to the yacht cinema, which was used as an extra sleeping area, where he blocked her in, the suit states. 

Christian Combs allegedly began to grope her and took off his clothes. 

“His penis was erect, and he grabbed her arms and was trying to force PLAINTIFF to perform oral sex on him,” the suit states. 

The suit includes photos of bruising on O’Marcaigh’s forearm and alleges it was caused when Christian Combs grabbed her. 

O’Marcaigh fought him off until someone else walked in, according to the suit. 

Since the alleged attack

The alleged assault had a deep impact on O’Marcaigh’s mental health as well as her professional and personal lives, the suit said. When O’Marcaigh complained to the yacht captain the next day, the suit alleges, the captain did not believe her and failed to investigate.

She alleges that the captain retaliated against her until she was terminated in May 2023. 

Her mental health deteriorated, and the woman had anxiety and panic attacks as well as severe suicidal ideations, the suit said. O’Marcaigh alleges that the emotional strain affected her physical health and that she developed an eating disorder and seizures following the assault. 

She is seeking unspecified damages. 

"I am here to fight for those who can’t fight for themselves and I applaud Grace for being so brave to come forward with her truth," attorney Rodney S. Diggs said of his client. "Hopefully her story will inspire others to come forward."

Allegations and investigation 

O’Marcaigh’s suit is the first to accuse Christian Combs of sexual assault. Since November, his father, Sean Combs, has been accused in lawsuits of sexual assault by four women, which he has repeatedly denied. 

One of those suits has been settled , and the others have not been resolved.  

Jones, a producer who worked for Sean Combs from September 2022 to November 2023, alleged the rapper sexually harassed him, pressured him to engage in sexual acts and forced him to procure sex workers. He said he witnessed Sean Combs giving drinks laced with drugs to people at parties. 

An attorney for Combs said Jones’ “reckless name-dropping about events that are pure fiction and simply did not happen is nothing more than a transparent attempt to garner headlines.”

On March 25, agents with Homeland Security Investigations searched Sean Combs’ properties in Los Angeles and Miami. A source familiar with the investigation told NBC News that a federal investigation began before this year and that authorities were aware of the layout of Combs’ properties before the raids. 

During the searches last month, federal agents discovered guns and seized his phones as part of a warrant issued from the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, law enforcement sources have said. Christian Combs was detained at his father’s Los Angeles home last month when Homeland Security Investigations executed a search warrant, but he was not arrested. 

Investigators are also looking into allegations of statutory rape against Sean Combs, the source said. 

NBC News previously reported that at least three women and one man have been interviewed by federal investigators in relation to allegations of sex trafficking, sexual assault and the solicitation and distribution of illegal narcotics and firearms. 

Aaron Dyer, one of Combs’ attorneys, issued a statement following last month’s property searches and said that Combs “was never detained but spoke to and cooperated with authorities.” He described the search as an ambush, saying there’s been a rush to judgment based on “meritless accusations made in civil lawsuits.”

“There has been no finding of criminal or civil liability with any of these allegations,” Dyer said. “Mr. Combs is innocent and will continue to fight every single day to clear his name.”

Diana Dasrath reported from Los Angeles and Doha Madani reported from New York.

Diana Dasrath is entertainment producer and senior reporter for NBC News covering all platforms.

Doha Madani is a senior breaking news reporter for NBC News. Pronouns: she/her.

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Palm Beach International Boat Show 2024: "Lower footfall, better quality clients"

The Palm Beach International Boat Show (PBIBS) has become a firm favourite in the boat show calendar, according to sentiments from brokers and shipyards at the 2024 edition.  

Compared to other US-based boat shows, IYC 's US sales and charter director Frankie Maxwell said the event had "lower foot traffic" and "higher-quality, more qualified clients" while its relaxed format, navigable size and close proximity to restaurants and venues have created a winning boat show formula.

"People came on the first day and came back with contractors the very next morning," said Maxwell, who expects to see several deals come to fruition in the days after the show. Bad weather for two days hampered the turnout, but any clients who braved the downpour were "passionate" about buying and selling, said Maxwell. 

"The people that did come out were really dedicated to the cause," agreed Damen Yachting marketing manager Sarah Flavell. "And [the weather] didn’t stop clients coming out. It’s such an accessible show, we have so much direct contact with owners here."

The Damen Yachting and Amels stand welcomed prospective and existing clients on the stand throughout the event, and three new projects came close to signing during PBIBS.  For shipyards, the show is a critical middle ground between Monaco and FLIBS. "Clients turn up with their team, but not the same entourage as [they do] in Monaco. People are more relaxed, they feel like they can be themselves, they want to come directly to the show and talk it out," said Flavell. 

On the yacht charter side, Fraser 's Quentin Bourgeois said the show was essential for tapping the ever-growing US charter market. "It’s good to be able to show [clients] yachts doing the dual season", he said. He echoed sentiments from other exhibitors, saying the show had "good quality clients" with an "unstressed" atmosphere. "People come for the boats," he said. "Even if I didn't have central agencies, I'd come back. There is so much business around and I feel like that show is growing. People are investing time and money into this show."

The show's prominence was highlighted by big reveals from key players in the industry. Azimut took the opportunity to reveal its 44-metre flagship superyacht at a glitzy press conference complete with a light show. Damen Yachting unveiled its newest iteration of the Xplorer line with an 80-metre expedition yacht that can feature exterior design from a selection of different designers. Icon Yachts and Mulder lifted the wraps on the interiors of their respective projects: Project Mission and the eighth Mulder ThirtySix . 

Elsewhere, Burgess used the show to reveal its Global Clean Up operation , in partnership with BOAT International. The initiative aims to encourage the industry to clear water waste in local areas across the world. Leading captains and crew magazine Dockwalk also relaunched at the show , with BOAT International and Dockwalk hosting an intimate party where guests could network and meet the editor, Holly Overton. 

BOAT International's event programme also organised another successful Owners' Club at the Ann Norton sculpture garden, with 40 owners and guests in attendance. 

Andrew Doole, President of U.S. Boat Shows with Informa Markets said he was delighted with the success of the landmark event, which saw more yachts on display than ever before. "As the 2024 Palm Beach International Boat Show concludes its four-day run, we celebrate a significant milestone in the event's history," he said.

"We extend our gratitude to our partners and show owners, the Marine Industries Association of Palm Beach County, Inc. (MIAPBC), for their unwavering support. We are also grateful for the collaborative efforts of elected officials and community leaders from both Palm Beach County and the City of West Palm Beach, whose contributions were instrumental in the show's success."

Ahead of the show, BOATPro recorded more than 1 20 superyachts set to attend the event . 

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Ideally guests should dress comfortably. Layers are advised as it can be windier and colder on the water than on land. Don´t forget your sunscreen and sunglasses.

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On an evening yacht charter party it is important to dress warmly. While the boats do have interiors that can keep deduce the wind factor an evening on the water can be chilly. So it is best to dress in warm layers.

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High heels can be worn on some boats. On large party boats with 30+ guests it should be fine. It is not practical on the smaller boats as you will be walking around on different levels and materials and it can be dangerous. A better solution would be a pretty flat, a fancy sandal, or a short mule if you must.

What do I need to bring to a boat party?

For a boat party on a yacht it’s best to bring whatever will make you comfortable. Some guests like to bring an extra sweater, favorite snacks and drinks, sunscreen, sea sickness pills, and if it's a birthday party a gift for the host.

How soon in advance do I need to book a yacht for a party?

Our bookings are based on a first come first serve basis. To make sure your preferred date and time is available it's best to confirm the date and time as soon as possible.

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Gather everyone together and share a toast to get the party started. Then play the music and let everyone mingle around in the different corners of the boat. This will make a boat party come to life.

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Gratuity is not included in the price and while not required it is always greatly appreciated. Any tips provided are split between the captain and crew.

Can I bring food and beverage aboard for a boat party?

Guests are welcome to bring food and beverage aboard.

Are refreshments included for a yacht party?

Refreshments are not included in the pricing. Guests are welcome to bring their own food and drink.

Is there a place we can go to swim during a yacht party?

We can offer swimming from our San Pedro & Long Beach departure locations.

What is a bareboat charter?

- A bareboat charter is a vessel that is leased by the owner to another person (a “charterer”) for a period of time without a captain or crew; - A bareboat charter is a vessel that is considered a recreational vessel and may not be subject to Passenger Vessel inspections by the United States Coast Guard; - Once the charterer takes possession of the vessel, the charterer becomes entirely responsible for the safe navigation of the vessel and its passengers; - The owner of the vessel is generally not responsible for any collision, personal injuries, and wages for the crew - The charterer is responsible for the vessel’s crew, fuel, insurance, any maintenance and repairs, and any liability associated with use and possession of the vessel; - The charterer must have the option of selecting and paying crew and may discharge the master or any crew member without referral to the owner; - The owner may require general levels of proficiency for the crew that is retained based on federal statutes; and - Charterers and passengers are solely responsible for making sure they understand and agree to the terms of any bareboat charter agreement.

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• Research Objectives | Definition & Examples

Research Objectives | Definition & Examples

Published on July 12, 2022 by Eoghan Ryan . Revised on November 20, 2023.

Research objectives describe what your research is trying to achieve and explain why you are pursuing it. They summarize the approach and purpose of your project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement . They should:

• Establish the scope and depth of your project
• Contribute to your research design
• Indicate how your project will contribute to existing knowledge

Table of contents

What is a research objective, why are research objectives important, how to write research aims and objectives, smart research objectives, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research objectives.

Research objectives describe what your research project intends to accomplish. They should guide every step of the research process , including how you collect data , build your argument , and develop your conclusions .

Your research objectives may evolve slightly as your research progresses, but they should always line up with the research carried out and the actual content of your paper.

Research aims

A distinction is often made between research objectives and research aims.

A research aim typically refers to a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear at the end of your problem statement, before your research objectives.

Your research objectives are more specific than your research aim and indicate the particular focus and approach of your project. Though you will only have one research aim, you will likely have several research objectives.

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Research objectives are important because they:

• Establish the scope and depth of your project: This helps you avoid unnecessary research. It also means that your research methods and conclusions can easily be evaluated .
• Contribute to your research design: When you know what your objectives are, you have a clearer idea of what methods are most appropriate for your research.
• Indicate how your project will contribute to extant research: They allow you to display your knowledge of up-to-date research, employ or build on current research methods, and attempt to contribute to recent debates.

Once you’ve established a research problem you want to address, you need to decide how you will address it. This is where your research aim and objectives come in.

Step 1: Decide on a general aim

Your research aim should reflect your research problem and should be relatively broad.

Step 2: Decide on specific objectives

Break down your aim into a limited number of steps that will help you resolve your research problem. What specific aspects of the problem do you want to examine or understand?

Step 3: Formulate your aims and objectives

Once you’ve established your research aim and objectives, you need to explain them clearly and concisely to the reader.

You’ll lay out your aims and objectives at the end of your problem statement, which appears in your introduction. Frame them as clear declarative statements, and use appropriate verbs to accurately characterize the work that you will carry out.

The acronym “SMART” is commonly used in relation to research objectives. It states that your objectives should be:

• Specific: Make sure your objectives aren’t overly vague. Your research needs to be clearly defined in order to get useful results.
• Measurable: Know how you’ll measure whether your objectives have been achieved.
• Achievable: Your objectives may be challenging, but they should be feasible. Make sure that relevant groundwork has been done on your topic or that relevant primary or secondary sources exist. Also ensure that you have access to relevant research facilities (labs, library resources , research databases , etc.).
• Relevant: Make sure that they directly address the research problem you want to work on and that they contribute to the current state of research in your field.
• Time-based: Set clear deadlines for objectives to ensure that the project stays on track.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.

They summarize the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .

Your research objectives indicate how you’ll try to address your research problem and should be specific:

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

Scope of research is determined at the beginning of your research process , prior to the data collection stage. Sometimes called “scope of study,” your scope delineates what will and will not be covered in your project. It helps you focus your work and your time, ensuring that you’ll be able to achieve your goals and outcomes.

Defining a scope can be very useful in any research project, from a research proposal to a thesis or dissertation . A scope is needed for all types of research: quantitative , qualitative , and mixed methods .

To define your scope of research, consider the following:

• Budget constraints or any specifics of grant funding
• Your proposed timeline and duration
• Specifics about your population of study, your proposed sample size , and the research methodology you’ll pursue
• Any inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Any anticipated control , extraneous , or confounding variables that could bias your research if not accounted for properly.

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A tutorial on methodological studies: the what, when, how and why

Lawrence mbuagbaw.

1 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada

2 Biostatistics Unit/FSORC, 50 Charlton Avenue East, St Joseph’s Healthcare—Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha Wing, Room H321, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 4A6 Canada

3 Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Daeria O. Lawson

Livia puljak.

4 Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

David B. Allison

5 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health – Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA

Lehana Thabane

6 Departments of Paediatrics and Anaesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada

7 Centre for Evaluation of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada

8 Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON Canada

Associated Data

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Methodological studies – studies that evaluate the design, analysis or reporting of other research-related reports – play an important role in health research. They help to highlight issues in the conduct of research with the aim of improving health research methodology, and ultimately reducing research waste.

We provide an overview of some of the key aspects of methodological studies such as what they are, and when, how and why they are done. We adopt a “frequently asked questions” format to facilitate reading this paper and provide multiple examples to help guide researchers interested in conducting methodological studies. Some of the topics addressed include: is it necessary to publish a study protocol? How to select relevant research reports and databases for a methodological study? What approaches to data extraction and statistical analysis should be considered when conducting a methodological study? What are potential threats to validity and is there a way to appraise the quality of methodological studies?

Appropriate reflection and application of basic principles of epidemiology and biostatistics are required in the design and analysis of methodological studies. This paper provides an introduction for further discussion about the conduct of methodological studies.

The field of meta-research (or research-on-research) has proliferated in recent years in response to issues with research quality and conduct [ 1 – 3 ]. As the name suggests, this field targets issues with research design, conduct, analysis and reporting. Various types of research reports are often examined as the unit of analysis in these studies (e.g. abstracts, full manuscripts, trial registry entries). Like many other novel fields of research, meta-research has seen a proliferation of use before the development of reporting guidance. For example, this was the case with randomized trials for which risk of bias tools and reporting guidelines were only developed much later – after many trials had been published and noted to have limitations [ 4 , 5 ]; and for systematic reviews as well [ 6 – 8 ]. However, in the absence of formal guidance, studies that report on research differ substantially in how they are named, conducted and reported [ 9 , 10 ]. This creates challenges in identifying, summarizing and comparing them. In this tutorial paper, we will use the term methodological study to refer to any study that reports on the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of primary or secondary research-related reports (such as trial registry entries and conference abstracts).

In the past 10 years, there has been an increase in the use of terms related to methodological studies (based on records retrieved with a keyword search [in the title and abstract] for “methodological review” and “meta-epidemiological study” in PubMed up to December 2019), suggesting that these studies may be appearing more frequently in the literature. See Fig.  1 .

Trends in the number studies that mention “methodological review” or “meta-

epidemiological study” in PubMed.

The methods used in many methodological studies have been borrowed from systematic and scoping reviews. This practice has influenced the direction of the field, with many methodological studies including searches of electronic databases, screening of records, duplicate data extraction and assessments of risk of bias in the included studies. However, the research questions posed in methodological studies do not always require the approaches listed above, and guidance is needed on when and how to apply these methods to a methodological study. Even though methodological studies can be conducted on qualitative or mixed methods research, this paper focuses on and draws examples exclusively from quantitative research.

The objectives of this paper are to provide some insights on how to conduct methodological studies so that there is greater consistency between the research questions posed, and the design, analysis and reporting of findings. We provide multiple examples to illustrate concepts and a proposed framework for categorizing methodological studies in quantitative research.

What is a methodological study?

Any study that describes or analyzes methods (design, conduct, analysis or reporting) in published (or unpublished) literature is a methodological study. Consequently, the scope of methodological studies is quite extensive and includes, but is not limited to, topics as diverse as: research question formulation [ 11 ]; adherence to reporting guidelines [ 12 – 14 ] and consistency in reporting [ 15 ]; approaches to study analysis [ 16 ]; investigating the credibility of analyses [ 17 ]; and studies that synthesize these methodological studies [ 18 ]. While the nomenclature of methodological studies is not uniform, the intents and purposes of these studies remain fairly consistent – to describe or analyze methods in primary or secondary studies. As such, methodological studies may also be classified as a subtype of observational studies.

Parallel to this are experimental studies that compare different methods. Even though they play an important role in informing optimal research methods, experimental methodological studies are beyond the scope of this paper. Examples of such studies include the randomized trials by Buscemi et al., comparing single data extraction to double data extraction [ 19 ], and Carrasco-Labra et al., comparing approaches to presenting findings in Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) summary of findings tables [ 20 ]. In these studies, the unit of analysis is the person or groups of individuals applying the methods. We also direct readers to the Studies Within a Trial (SWAT) and Studies Within a Review (SWAR) programme operated through the Hub for Trials Methodology Research, for further reading as a potential useful resource for these types of experimental studies [ 21 ]. Lastly, this paper is not meant to inform the conduct of research using computational simulation and mathematical modeling for which some guidance already exists [ 22 ], or studies on the development of methods using consensus-based approaches.

When should we conduct a methodological study?

Methodological studies occupy a unique niche in health research that allows them to inform methodological advances. Methodological studies should also be conducted as pre-cursors to reporting guideline development, as they provide an opportunity to understand current practices, and help to identify the need for guidance and gaps in methodological or reporting quality. For example, the development of the popular Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were preceded by methodological studies identifying poor reporting practices [ 23 , 24 ]. In these instances, after the reporting guidelines are published, methodological studies can also be used to monitor uptake of the guidelines.

These studies can also be conducted to inform the state of the art for design, analysis and reporting practices across different types of health research fields, with the aim of improving research practices, and preventing or reducing research waste. For example, Samaan et al. conducted a scoping review of adherence to different reporting guidelines in health care literature [ 18 ]. Methodological studies can also be used to determine the factors associated with reporting practices. For example, Abbade et al. investigated journal characteristics associated with the use of the Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Timeframe (PICOT) format in framing research questions in trials of venous ulcer disease [ 11 ].

How often are methodological studies conducted?

There is no clear answer to this question. Based on a search of PubMed, the use of related terms (“methodological review” and “meta-epidemiological study”) – and therefore, the number of methodological studies – is on the rise. However, many other terms are used to describe methodological studies. There are also many studies that explore design, conduct, analysis or reporting of research reports, but that do not use any specific terms to describe or label their study design in terms of “methodology”. This diversity in nomenclature makes a census of methodological studies elusive. Appropriate terminology and key words for methodological studies are needed to facilitate improved accessibility for end-users.

Why do we conduct methodological studies?

Methodological studies provide information on the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of primary and secondary research and can be used to appraise quality, quantity, completeness, accuracy and consistency of health research. These issues can be explored in specific fields, journals, databases, geographical regions and time periods. For example, Areia et al. explored the quality of reporting of endoscopic diagnostic studies in gastroenterology [ 25 ]; Knol et al. investigated the reporting of p -values in baseline tables in randomized trial published in high impact journals [ 26 ]; Chen et al. describe adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement in Chinese Journals [ 27 ]; and Hopewell et al. describe the effect of editors’ implementation of CONSORT guidelines on reporting of abstracts over time [ 28 ]. Methodological studies provide useful information to researchers, clinicians, editors, publishers and users of health literature. As a result, these studies have been at the cornerstone of important methodological developments in the past two decades and have informed the development of many health research guidelines including the highly cited CONSORT statement [ 5 ].

Where can we find methodological studies?

Methodological studies can be found in most common biomedical bibliographic databases (e.g. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science). However, the biggest caveat is that methodological studies are hard to identify in the literature due to the wide variety of names used and the lack of comprehensive databases dedicated to them. A handful can be found in the Cochrane Library as “Cochrane Methodology Reviews”, but these studies only cover methodological issues related to systematic reviews. Previous attempts to catalogue all empirical studies of methods used in reviews were abandoned 10 years ago [ 29 ]. In other databases, a variety of search terms may be applied with different levels of sensitivity and specificity.

Some frequently asked questions about methodological studies

In this section, we have outlined responses to questions that might help inform the conduct of methodological studies.

Q: How should I select research reports for my methodological study?

A: Selection of research reports for a methodological study depends on the research question and eligibility criteria. Once a clear research question is set and the nature of literature one desires to review is known, one can then begin the selection process. Selection may begin with a broad search, especially if the eligibility criteria are not apparent. For example, a methodological study of Cochrane Reviews of HIV would not require a complex search as all eligible studies can easily be retrieved from the Cochrane Library after checking a few boxes [ 30 ]. On the other hand, a methodological study of subgroup analyses in trials of gastrointestinal oncology would require a search to find such trials, and further screening to identify trials that conducted a subgroup analysis [ 31 ].

The strategies used for identifying participants in observational studies can apply here. One may use a systematic search to identify all eligible studies. If the number of eligible studies is unmanageable, a random sample of articles can be expected to provide comparable results if it is sufficiently large [ 32 ]. For example, Wilson et al. used a random sample of trials from the Cochrane Stroke Group’s Trial Register to investigate completeness of reporting [ 33 ]. It is possible that a simple random sample would lead to underrepresentation of units (i.e. research reports) that are smaller in number. This is relevant if the investigators wish to compare multiple groups but have too few units in one group. In this case a stratified sample would help to create equal groups. For example, in a methodological study comparing Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews, Kahale et al. drew random samples from both groups [ 34 ]. Alternatively, systematic or purposeful sampling strategies can be used and we encourage researchers to justify their selected approaches based on the study objective.

Q: How many databases should I search?

A: The number of databases one should search would depend on the approach to sampling, which can include targeting the entire “population” of interest or a sample of that population. If you are interested in including the entire target population for your research question, or drawing a random or systematic sample from it, then a comprehensive and exhaustive search for relevant articles is required. In this case, we recommend using systematic approaches for searching electronic databases (i.e. at least 2 databases with a replicable and time stamped search strategy). The results of your search will constitute a sampling frame from which eligible studies can be drawn.

Alternatively, if your approach to sampling is purposeful, then we recommend targeting the database(s) or data sources (e.g. journals, registries) that include the information you need. For example, if you are conducting a methodological study of high impact journals in plastic surgery and they are all indexed in PubMed, you likely do not need to search any other databases. You may also have a comprehensive list of all journals of interest and can approach your search using the journal names in your database search (or by accessing the journal archives directly from the journal’s website). Even though one could also search journals’ web pages directly, using a database such as PubMed has multiple advantages, such as the use of filters, so the search can be narrowed down to a certain period, or study types of interest. Furthermore, individual journals’ web sites may have different search functionalities, which do not necessarily yield a consistent output.

Q: Should I publish a protocol for my methodological study?

A: A protocol is a description of intended research methods. Currently, only protocols for clinical trials require registration [ 35 ]. Protocols for systematic reviews are encouraged but no formal recommendation exists. The scientific community welcomes the publication of protocols because they help protect against selective outcome reporting, the use of post hoc methodologies to embellish results, and to help avoid duplication of efforts [ 36 ]. While the latter two risks exist in methodological research, the negative consequences may be substantially less than for clinical outcomes. In a sample of 31 methodological studies, 7 (22.6%) referenced a published protocol [ 9 ]. In the Cochrane Library, there are 15 protocols for methodological reviews (21 July 2020). This suggests that publishing protocols for methodological studies is not uncommon.

Authors can consider publishing their study protocol in a scholarly journal as a manuscript. Advantages of such publication include obtaining peer-review feedback about the planned study, and easy retrieval by searching databases such as PubMed. The disadvantages in trying to publish protocols includes delays associated with manuscript handling and peer review, as well as costs, as few journals publish study protocols, and those journals mostly charge article-processing fees [ 37 ]. Authors who would like to make their protocol publicly available without publishing it in scholarly journals, could deposit their study protocols in publicly available repositories, such as the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/ ).

Q: How to appraise the quality of a methodological study?

A: To date, there is no published tool for appraising the risk of bias in a methodological study, but in principle, a methodological study could be considered as a type of observational study. Therefore, during conduct or appraisal, care should be taken to avoid the biases common in observational studies [ 38 ]. These biases include selection bias, comparability of groups, and ascertainment of exposure or outcome. In other words, to generate a representative sample, a comprehensive reproducible search may be necessary to build a sampling frame. Additionally, random sampling may be necessary to ensure that all the included research reports have the same probability of being selected, and the screening and selection processes should be transparent and reproducible. To ensure that the groups compared are similar in all characteristics, matching, random sampling or stratified sampling can be used. Statistical adjustments for between-group differences can also be applied at the analysis stage. Finally, duplicate data extraction can reduce errors in assessment of exposures or outcomes.

Q: Should I justify a sample size?

A: In all instances where one is not using the target population (i.e. the group to which inferences from the research report are directed) [ 39 ], a sample size justification is good practice. The sample size justification may take the form of a description of what is expected to be achieved with the number of articles selected, or a formal sample size estimation that outlines the number of articles required to answer the research question with a certain precision and power. Sample size justifications in methodological studies are reasonable in the following instances:

Comparing two groups

Determining a proportion, mean or another quantifier

Determining factors associated with an outcome using regression-based analyses

For example, El Dib et al. computed a sample size requirement for a methodological study of diagnostic strategies in randomized trials, based on a confidence interval approach [ 40 ].

Q: What should I call my study?

A: Other terms which have been used to describe/label methodological studies include “ methodological review ”, “methodological survey” , “meta-epidemiological study” , “systematic review” , “systematic survey”, “meta-research”, “research-on-research” and many others. We recommend that the study nomenclature be clear, unambiguous, informative and allow for appropriate indexing. Methodological study nomenclature that should be avoided includes “ systematic review” – as this will likely be confused with a systematic review of a clinical question. “ Systematic survey” may also lead to confusion about whether the survey was systematic (i.e. using a preplanned methodology) or a survey using “ systematic” sampling (i.e. a sampling approach using specific intervals to determine who is selected) [ 32 ]. Any of the above meanings of the words “ systematic” may be true for methodological studies and could be potentially misleading. “ Meta-epidemiological study” is ideal for indexing, but not very informative as it describes an entire field. The term “ review ” may point towards an appraisal or “review” of the design, conduct, analysis or reporting (or methodological components) of the targeted research reports, yet it has also been used to describe narrative reviews [ 41 , 42 ]. The term “ survey ” is also in line with the approaches used in many methodological studies [ 9 ], and would be indicative of the sampling procedures of this study design. However, in the absence of guidelines on nomenclature, the term “ methodological study ” is broad enough to capture most of the scenarios of such studies.

Q: Should I account for clustering in my methodological study?

A: Data from methodological studies are often clustered. For example, articles coming from a specific source may have different reporting standards (e.g. the Cochrane Library). Articles within the same journal may be similar due to editorial practices and policies, reporting requirements and endorsement of guidelines. There is emerging evidence that these are real concerns that should be accounted for in analyses [ 43 ]. Some cluster variables are described in the section: “ What variables are relevant to methodological studies?”

A variety of modelling approaches can be used to account for correlated data, including the use of marginal, fixed or mixed effects regression models with appropriate computation of standard errors [ 44 ]. For example, Kosa et al. used generalized estimation equations to account for correlation of articles within journals [ 15 ]. Not accounting for clustering could lead to incorrect p -values, unduly narrow confidence intervals, and biased estimates [ 45 ].

Q: Should I extract data in duplicate?

A: Yes. Duplicate data extraction takes more time but results in less errors [ 19 ]. Data extraction errors in turn affect the effect estimate [ 46 ], and therefore should be mitigated. Duplicate data extraction should be considered in the absence of other approaches to minimize extraction errors. However, much like systematic reviews, this area will likely see rapid new advances with machine learning and natural language processing technologies to support researchers with screening and data extraction [ 47 , 48 ]. However, experience plays an important role in the quality of extracted data and inexperienced extractors should be paired with experienced extractors [ 46 , 49 ].

Q: Should I assess the risk of bias of research reports included in my methodological study?

A : Risk of bias is most useful in determining the certainty that can be placed in the effect measure from a study. In methodological studies, risk of bias may not serve the purpose of determining the trustworthiness of results, as effect measures are often not the primary goal of methodological studies. Determining risk of bias in methodological studies is likely a practice borrowed from systematic review methodology, but whose intrinsic value is not obvious in methodological studies. When it is part of the research question, investigators often focus on one aspect of risk of bias. For example, Speich investigated how blinding was reported in surgical trials [ 50 ], and Abraha et al., investigated the application of intention-to-treat analyses in systematic reviews and trials [ 51 ].

Q: What variables are relevant to methodological studies?

A: There is empirical evidence that certain variables may inform the findings in a methodological study. We outline some of these and provide a brief overview below:

Country: Countries and regions differ in their research cultures, and the resources available to conduct research. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that there may be differences in methodological features across countries. Methodological studies have reported loco-regional differences in reporting quality [ 52 , 53 ]. This may also be related to challenges non-English speakers face in publishing papers in English.

• Authors’ expertise: The inclusion of authors with expertise in research methodology, biostatistics, and scientific writing is likely to influence the end-product. Oltean et al. found that among randomized trials in orthopaedic surgery, the use of analyses that accounted for clustering was more likely when specialists (e.g. statistician, epidemiologist or clinical trials methodologist) were included on the study team [ 54 ]. Fleming et al. found that including methodologists in the review team was associated with appropriate use of reporting guidelines [ 55 ].
• Source of funding and conflicts of interest: Some studies have found that funded studies report better [ 56 , 57 ], while others do not [ 53 , 58 ]. The presence of funding would indicate the availability of resources deployed to ensure optimal design, conduct, analysis and reporting. However, the source of funding may introduce conflicts of interest and warrant assessment. For example, Kaiser et al. investigated the effect of industry funding on obesity or nutrition randomized trials and found that reporting quality was similar [ 59 ]. Thomas et al. looked at reporting quality of long-term weight loss trials and found that industry funded studies were better [ 60 ]. Kan et al. examined the association between industry funding and “positive trials” (trials reporting a significant intervention effect) and found that industry funding was highly predictive of a positive trial [ 61 ]. This finding is similar to that of a recent Cochrane Methodology Review by Hansen et al. [ 62 ]
• Journal characteristics: Certain journals’ characteristics may influence the study design, analysis or reporting. Characteristics such as journal endorsement of guidelines [ 63 , 64 ], and Journal Impact Factor (JIF) have been shown to be associated with reporting [ 63 , 65 – 67 ].

Study size (sample size/number of sites): Some studies have shown that reporting is better in larger studies [ 53 , 56 , 58 ].

Year of publication: It is reasonable to assume that design, conduct, analysis and reporting of research will change over time. Many studies have demonstrated improvements in reporting over time or after the publication of reporting guidelines [ 68 , 69 ].

Type of intervention: In a methodological study of reporting quality of weight loss intervention studies, Thabane et al. found that trials of pharmacologic interventions were reported better than trials of non-pharmacologic interventions [ 70 ].

Interactions between variables: Complex interactions between the previously listed variables are possible. High income countries with more resources may be more likely to conduct larger studies and incorporate a variety of experts. Authors in certain countries may prefer certain journals, and journal endorsement of guidelines and editorial policies may change over time.

Q: Should I focus only on high impact journals?

A: Investigators may choose to investigate only high impact journals because they are more likely to influence practice and policy, or because they assume that methodological standards would be higher. However, the JIF may severely limit the scope of articles included and may skew the sample towards articles with positive findings. The generalizability and applicability of findings from a handful of journals must be examined carefully, especially since the JIF varies over time. Even among journals that are all “high impact”, variations exist in methodological standards.

Q: Can I conduct a methodological study of qualitative research?

A: Yes. Even though a lot of methodological research has been conducted in the quantitative research field, methodological studies of qualitative studies are feasible. Certain databases that catalogue qualitative research including the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) have defined subject headings that are specific to methodological research (e.g. “research methodology”). Alternatively, one could also conduct a qualitative methodological review; that is, use qualitative approaches to synthesize methodological issues in qualitative studies.

Q: What reporting guidelines should I use for my methodological study?

A: There is no guideline that covers the entire scope of methodological studies. One adaptation of the PRISMA guidelines has been published, which works well for studies that aim to use the entire target population of research reports [ 71 ]. However, it is not widely used (40 citations in 2 years as of 09 December 2019), and methodological studies that are designed as cross-sectional or before-after studies require a more fit-for purpose guideline. A more encompassing reporting guideline for a broad range of methodological studies is currently under development [ 72 ]. However, in the absence of formal guidance, the requirements for scientific reporting should be respected, and authors of methodological studies should focus on transparency and reproducibility.

Q: What are the potential threats to validity and how can I avoid them?

A: Methodological studies may be compromised by a lack of internal or external validity. The main threats to internal validity in methodological studies are selection and confounding bias. Investigators must ensure that the methods used to select articles does not make them differ systematically from the set of articles to which they would like to make inferences. For example, attempting to make extrapolations to all journals after analyzing high-impact journals would be misleading.

Many factors (confounders) may distort the association between the exposure and outcome if the included research reports differ with respect to these factors [ 73 ]. For example, when examining the association between source of funding and completeness of reporting, it may be necessary to account for journals that endorse the guidelines. Confounding bias can be addressed by restriction, matching and statistical adjustment [ 73 ]. Restriction appears to be the method of choice for many investigators who choose to include only high impact journals or articles in a specific field. For example, Knol et al. examined the reporting of p -values in baseline tables of high impact journals [ 26 ]. Matching is also sometimes used. In the methodological study of non-randomized interventional studies of elective ventral hernia repair, Parker et al. matched prospective studies with retrospective studies and compared reporting standards [ 74 ]. Some other methodological studies use statistical adjustments. For example, Zhang et al. used regression techniques to determine the factors associated with missing participant data in trials [ 16 ].

With regard to external validity, researchers interested in conducting methodological studies must consider how generalizable or applicable their findings are. This should tie in closely with the research question and should be explicit. For example. Findings from methodological studies on trials published in high impact cardiology journals cannot be assumed to be applicable to trials in other fields. However, investigators must ensure that their sample truly represents the target sample either by a) conducting a comprehensive and exhaustive search, or b) using an appropriate and justified, randomly selected sample of research reports.

Even applicability to high impact journals may vary based on the investigators’ definition, and over time. For example, for high impact journals in the field of general medicine, Bouwmeester et al. included the Annals of Internal Medicine (AIM), BMJ, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), and PLoS Medicine ( n  = 6) [ 75 ]. In contrast, the high impact journals selected in the methodological study by Schiller et al. were BMJ, JAMA, Lancet, and NEJM ( n  = 4) [ 76 ]. Another methodological study by Kosa et al. included AIM, BMJ, JAMA, Lancet and NEJM ( n  = 5). In the methodological study by Thabut et al., journals with a JIF greater than 5 were considered to be high impact. Riado Minguez et al. used first quartile journals in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) for a specific year to determine “high impact” [ 77 ]. Ultimately, the definition of high impact will be based on the number of journals the investigators are willing to include, the year of impact and the JIF cut-off [ 78 ]. We acknowledge that the term “generalizability” may apply differently for methodological studies, especially when in many instances it is possible to include the entire target population in the sample studied.

Finally, methodological studies are not exempt from information bias which may stem from discrepancies in the included research reports [ 79 ], errors in data extraction, or inappropriate interpretation of the information extracted. Likewise, publication bias may also be a concern in methodological studies, but such concepts have not yet been explored.

A proposed framework

In order to inform discussions about methodological studies, the development of guidance for what should be reported, we have outlined some key features of methodological studies that can be used to classify them. For each of the categories outlined below, we provide an example. In our experience, the choice of approach to completing a methodological study can be informed by asking the following four questions:

What is the aim?

A methodological study may be focused on exploring sources of bias in primary or secondary studies (meta-bias), or how bias is analyzed. We have taken care to distinguish bias (i.e. systematic deviations from the truth irrespective of the source) from reporting quality or completeness (i.e. not adhering to a specific reporting guideline or norm). An example of where this distinction would be important is in the case of a randomized trial with no blinding. This study (depending on the nature of the intervention) would be at risk of performance bias. However, if the authors report that their study was not blinded, they would have reported adequately. In fact, some methodological studies attempt to capture both “quality of conduct” and “quality of reporting”, such as Richie et al., who reported on the risk of bias in randomized trials of pharmacy practice interventions [ 80 ]. Babic et al. investigated how risk of bias was used to inform sensitivity analyses in Cochrane reviews [ 81 ]. Further, biases related to choice of outcomes can also be explored. For example, Tan et al investigated differences in treatment effect size based on the outcome reported [ 82 ].

Methodological studies may report quality of reporting against a reporting checklist (i.e. adherence to guidelines) or against expected norms. For example, Croituro et al. report on the quality of reporting in systematic reviews published in dermatology journals based on their adherence to the PRISMA statement [ 83 ], and Khan et al. described the quality of reporting of harms in randomized controlled trials published in high impact cardiovascular journals based on the CONSORT extension for harms [ 84 ]. Other methodological studies investigate reporting of certain features of interest that may not be part of formally published checklists or guidelines. For example, Mbuagbaw et al. described how often the implications for research are elaborated using the Evidence, Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Timeframe (EPICOT) format [ 30 ].

Sometimes investigators may be interested in how consistent reports of the same research are, as it is expected that there should be consistency between: conference abstracts and published manuscripts; manuscript abstracts and manuscript main text; and trial registration and published manuscript. For example, Rosmarakis et al. investigated consistency between conference abstracts and full text manuscripts [ 85 ].

In addition to identifying issues with reporting in primary and secondary studies, authors of methodological studies may be interested in determining the factors that are associated with certain reporting practices. Many methodological studies incorporate this, albeit as a secondary outcome. For example, Farrokhyar et al. investigated the factors associated with reporting quality in randomized trials of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery [ 53 ].

Methodological studies may also be used to describe methods or compare methods, and the factors associated with methods. Muller et al. described the methods used for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies [ 86 ].

Some methodological studies synthesize results from other methodological studies. For example, Li et al. conducted a scoping review of methodological reviews that investigated consistency between full text and abstracts in primary biomedical research [ 87 ].

Some methodological studies may investigate the use of names and terms in health research. For example, Martinic et al. investigated the definitions of systematic reviews used in overviews of systematic reviews (OSRs), meta-epidemiological studies and epidemiology textbooks [ 88 ].

In addition to the previously mentioned experimental methodological studies, there may exist other types of methodological studies not captured here.

• 2. What is the design?

Most methodological studies are purely descriptive and report their findings as counts (percent) and means (standard deviation) or medians (interquartile range). For example, Mbuagbaw et al. described the reporting of research recommendations in Cochrane HIV systematic reviews [ 30 ]. Gohari et al. described the quality of reporting of randomized trials in diabetes in Iran [ 12 ].

Some methodological studies are analytical wherein “analytical studies identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, identify causes and determine whether an association exists between variables, such as between an exposure and a disease.” [ 89 ] In the case of methodological studies all these investigations are possible. For example, Kosa et al. investigated the association between agreement in primary outcome from trial registry to published manuscript and study covariates. They found that larger and more recent studies were more likely to have agreement [ 15 ]. Tricco et al. compared the conclusion statements from Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews with a meta-analysis of the primary outcome and found that non-Cochrane reviews were more likely to report positive findings. These results are a test of the null hypothesis that the proportions of Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews that report positive results are equal [ 90 ].

• 3. What is the sampling strategy?

Methodological reviews with narrow research questions may be able to include the entire target population. For example, in the methodological study of Cochrane HIV systematic reviews, Mbuagbaw et al. included all of the available studies ( n  = 103) [ 30 ].

Many methodological studies use random samples of the target population [ 33 , 91 , 92 ]. Alternatively, purposeful sampling may be used, limiting the sample to a subset of research-related reports published within a certain time period, or in journals with a certain ranking or on a topic. Systematic sampling can also be used when random sampling may be challenging to implement.

• 4. What is the unit of analysis?

Many methodological studies use a research report (e.g. full manuscript of study, abstract portion of the study) as the unit of analysis, and inferences can be made at the study-level. However, both published and unpublished research-related reports can be studied. These may include articles, conference abstracts, registry entries etc.

Some methodological studies report on items which may occur more than once per article. For example, Paquette et al. report on subgroup analyses in Cochrane reviews of atrial fibrillation in which 17 systematic reviews planned 56 subgroup analyses [ 93 ].

This framework is outlined in Fig.  2 .

A proposed framework for methodological studies

Conclusions

Methodological studies have examined different aspects of reporting such as quality, completeness, consistency and adherence to reporting guidelines. As such, many of the methodological study examples cited in this tutorial are related to reporting. However, as an evolving field, the scope of research questions that can be addressed by methodological studies is expected to increase.

In this paper we have outlined the scope and purpose of methodological studies, along with examples of instances in which various approaches have been used. In the absence of formal guidance on the design, conduct, analysis and reporting of methodological studies, we have provided some advice to help make methodological studies consistent. This advice is grounded in good contemporary scientific practice. Generally, the research question should tie in with the sampling approach and planned analysis. We have also highlighted the variables that may inform findings from methodological studies. Lastly, we have provided suggestions for ways in which authors can categorize their methodological studies to inform their design and analysis.

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations, authors’ contributions.

LM conceived the idea and drafted the outline and paper. DOL and LT commented on the idea and draft outline. LM, LP and DOL performed literature searches and data extraction. All authors (LM, DOL, LT, LP, DBA) reviewed several draft versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

This work did not receive any dedicated funding.

Availability of data and materials

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Competing interests.

DOL, DBA, LM, LP and LT are involved in the development of a reporting guideline for methodological studies.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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A Comprehensive Guide to Methodology in Research

Table of Contents

Research methodology plays a crucial role in any study or investigation. It provides the framework for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, ensuring that the research is reliable, valid, and credible. Understanding the importance of research methodology is essential for conducting rigorous and meaningful research.

In this article, we'll explore the various aspects of research methodology, from its types to best practices, ensuring you have the knowledge needed to conduct impactful research.

What is Research Methodology?

Research methodology refers to the system of procedures, techniques, and tools used to carry out a research study. It encompasses the overall approach, including the research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and the interpretation of findings.

Research methodology plays a crucial role in the field of research, as it sets the foundation for any study. It provides researchers with a structured framework to ensure that their investigations are conducted in a systematic and organized manner. By following a well-defined methodology, researchers can ensure that their findings are reliable, valid, and meaningful.

When defining research methodology, one of the first steps is to identify the research problem. This involves clearly understanding the issue or topic that the study aims to address. By defining the research problem, researchers can narrow down their focus and determine the specific objectives they want to achieve through their study.

How to Define Research Methodology

Once the research problem is identified, researchers move on to defining the research questions. These questions serve as a guide for the study, helping researchers to gather relevant information and analyze it effectively. The research questions should be clear, concise, and aligned with the overall goals of the study.

After defining the research questions, researchers need to determine how data will be collected and analyzed. This involves selecting appropriate data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. The choice of data collection methods depends on various factors, including the nature of the research problem, the target population, and the available resources.

Once the data is collected, researchers need to analyze it using appropriate data analysis techniques. This may involve statistical analysis, qualitative analysis, or a combination of both, depending on the nature of the data and the research questions. The analysis of data helps researchers to draw meaningful conclusions and make informed decisions based on their findings.

Role of Methodology in Research

Methodology plays a crucial role in research, as it ensures that the study is conducted in a systematic and organized manner. It provides a clear roadmap for researchers to follow, ensuring that the research objectives are met effectively. By following a well-defined methodology, researchers can minimize bias, errors, and inconsistencies in their study, thus enhancing the reliability and validity of their findings.

In addition to providing a structured approach, research methodology also helps in establishing the reliability and validity of the study. Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the research findings, while validity refers to the accuracy and truthfulness of the findings. By using appropriate research methods and techniques, researchers can ensure that their study produces reliable and valid results, which can be used to make informed decisions and contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

Steps in Choosing the Right Research Methodology

Choosing the appropriate research methodology for your study is a critical step in ensuring the success of your research. Let's explore some steps to help you select the right research methodology:

Identifying the Research Problem

The first step in choosing the right research methodology is to clearly identify and define the research problem. Understanding the research problem will help you determine which methodology will best address your research questions and objectives.

Identifying the research problem involves a thorough examination of the existing literature in your field of study. This step allows you to gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of knowledge and identify any gaps that your research can fill. By identifying the research problem, you can ensure that your study contributes to the existing body of knowledge and addresses a significant research gap.

Once you have identified the research problem, you need to consider the scope of your study. Are you focusing on a specific population, geographic area, or time frame? Understanding the scope of your research will help you determine the appropriate research methodology to use.

Reviewing Previous Research

Before finalizing the research methodology, it is essential to review previous research conducted in the field. This will allow you to identify gaps, determine the most effective methodologies used in similar studies, and build upon existing knowledge.

Reviewing previous research involves conducting a systematic review of relevant literature. This process includes searching for and analyzing published studies, articles, and reports that are related to your research topic. By reviewing previous research, you can gain insights into the strengths and limitations of different methodologies and make informed decisions about which approach to adopt.

During the review process, it is important to critically evaluate the quality and reliability of the existing research. Consider factors such as the sample size, research design, data collection methods, and statistical analysis techniques used in previous studies. This evaluation will help you determine the most appropriate research methodology for your own study.

Formulating Research Questions

Once the research problem is identified, formulate specific and relevant research questions. These questions will guide your methodology selection process by helping you determine what type of data you need to collect and how to analyze it.

Formulating research questions involves breaking down the research problem into smaller, more manageable components. These questions should be clear, concise, and measurable. They should also align with the objectives of your study and provide a framework for data collection and analysis.

When formulating research questions, consider the different types of data that can be collected, such as qualitative or quantitative data. Depending on the nature of your research questions, you may need to employ different data collection methods, such as interviews, surveys, observations, or experiments. By carefully formulating research questions, you can ensure that your chosen methodology will enable you to collect the necessary data to answer your research questions effectively.

Implementing the Research Methodology

After choosing the appropriate research methodology, it is time to implement it. This stage involves collecting data using various techniques and analyzing the gathered information. Let's explore two crucial aspects of implementing the research methodology:

Data Collection Techniques

Data collection techniques depend on the chosen research methodology. They can include surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, or document analysis. Selecting the most suitable data collection techniques will ensure accurate and relevant data for your study.

Data Analysis Methods

Data analysis is a critical part of the research process. It involves interpreting and making sense of the collected data to draw meaningful conclusions. Depending on the research methodology, data analysis methods can include statistical analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, or grounded theory.

Ensuring the Validity and Reliability of Your Research

In order to ensure the validity and reliability of your research findings, it is important to address these two key aspects:

Understanding Validity in Research

Validity refers to the accuracy and soundness of a research study. It is crucial to ensure that the research methods used effectively measure what they intend to measure. Researchers can enhance validity by using proper sampling techniques, carefully designing research instruments, and ensuring accurate data collection.

Ensuring Reliability in Your Study

Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the research results. It is important to ensure that the research methods and instruments used yield consistent and reproducible results. Researchers can enhance reliability by using standardized procedures, ensuring inter-rater reliability, and conducting pilot studies.

A comprehensive understanding of research methodology is essential for conducting high-quality research. By selecting the right research methodology, researchers can ensure that their studies are rigorous, reliable, and valid. It is crucial to follow the steps in choosing the appropriate methodology, implement the chosen methodology effectively, and address validity and reliability concerns throughout the research process. By doing so, researchers can contribute valuable insights and advances in their respective fields.

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The Importance Of Research Objectives

Imagine you’re a student planning a vacation in a foreign country. You’re on a tight budget and need to draw…

Imagine you’re a student planning a vacation in a foreign country. You’re on a tight budget and need to draw up a pocket-friendly plan. Where do you begin? The first step is to do your research.

Before that, you make a mental list of your objectives—finding reasonably-priced hotels, traveling safely and finding ways of communicating with someone back home. These objectives help you focus sharply during your research and be aware of the finer details of your trip.

More often than not, research is a part of our daily lives. Whether it’s to pick a restaurant for your next birthday dinner or to prepare a presentation at work, good research is the foundation of effective learning. Read on to understand the meaning, importance and examples of research objectives.

Why Do We Need Research?

What are the objectives of research, what goes into a research plan.

Research is a careful and detailed study of a particular problem or concern, using scientific methods. An in-depth analysis of information creates space for generating new questions, concepts and understandings. The main objective of research is to explore the unknown and unlock new possibilities. It’s an essential component of success.

Over the years, businesses have started emphasizing the need for research. You’ve probably noticed organizations hiring research managers and analysts. The primary purpose of business research is to determine the goals and opportunities of an organization. It’s critical in making business decisions and appropriately allocating available resources.

Here are a few benefits of research that’ll explain why it is a vital aspect of our professional lives:

Expands Your Knowledge Base

One of the greatest benefits of research is to learn and gain a deeper understanding. The deeper you dig into a topic, the more well-versed you are. Furthermore, research has the power to help you build on any personal experience you have on the subject.

Keeps You Up To Date

Research encourages you to discover the most recent information available. Updated information prevents you from falling behind and helps you present accurate information. You’re better equipped to develop ideas or talk about a topic when you’re armed with the latest inputs.

Builds Your Credibility

Research provides you with a good foundation upon which you can develop your thoughts and ideas. People take you more seriously when your suggestions are backed by research. You can speak with greater confidence because you know that the information is accurate.

Sparks Connections

Take any leading nonprofit organization, you’ll see how they have a strong research arm supported by real-life stories. Research also becomes the base upon which real-life connections and impact can be made. It even helps you communicate better with others and conveys why you’re pursuing something.

Encourages Curiosity

As we’ve already established, research is mostly about using existing information to create new ideas and opinions. In the process, it sparks curiosity as you’re encouraged to explore and gain deeper insights into a subject. Curiosity leads to higher levels of positivity and lower levels of anxiety.

Well-defined objectives of research are an essential component of successful research engagement. If you want to drive all aspects of your research methodology such as data collection, design, analysis and recommendation, you need to lay down the objectives of research methodology. In other words, the objectives of research should address the underlying purpose of investigation and analysis. It should outline the steps you’d take to achieve desirable outcomes. Research objectives help you stay focused and adjust your expectations as you progress.

The objectives of research should be closely related to the problem statement, giving way to specific and achievable goals. Here are the four types of research objectives for you to explore:

General Objective

Also known as secondary objectives, general objectives provide a detailed view of the aim of a study. In other words, you get a general overview of what you want to achieve by the end of your study. For example, if you want to study an organization’s contribution to environmental sustainability, your general objective could be: a study of sustainable practices and the use of renewable energy by the organization.

Specific Objectives

Specific objectives define the primary aim of the study. Typically, general objectives provide the foundation for identifying specific objectives. In other words, when general objectives are broken down into smaller and logically connected objectives, they’re known as specific objectives. They help define the who, what, why, when and how aspects of your project. Once you identify the main objective of research, it’s easier to develop and pursue a plan of action.

Let’s take the example of ‘a study of an organization’s contribution to environmental sustainability’ again. The specific objectives will look like this:

To determine through history how the organization has changed its practices and adopted new solutions

To assess how the new practices, technology and strategies will contribute to the overall effectiveness

Once you’ve identified the objectives of research, it’s time to organize your thoughts and streamline your research goals. Here are a few effective tips to develop a powerful research plan and improve your business performance.

Set SMART Goals

Your research objectives should be SMART—Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-constrained. When you focus on utilizing available resources and setting realistic timeframes and milestones, it’s easier to prioritize objectives. Continuously track your progress and check whether you need to revise your expectations or targets. This way, you’re in greater control over the process.

Create A Plan

Create a plan that’ll help you select appropriate methods to collect accurate information. A well-structured plan allows you to use logical and creative approaches towards problem-solving. The complexity of information and your skills are bound to influence your plan, which is why you need to make room for flexibility. The availability of resources will also play a big role in influencing your decisions.

Collect And Collate

After you’ve created a plan for the research process, make a list of the data you’re going to collect and the methods you’ll use. Not only will it help make sense of your insights but also keep track of your approach. The information you collect should be:

Logical, rigorous and objective

Can be reproduced by other people working on the same subject

Free of errors and highlighting necessary details

Current and updated

Includes everything required to support your argument/suggestions

Analyze And Keep Ready

Data analysis is the most crucial part of the process and there are many ways in which the information can be utilized. Four types of data analysis are often seen in a professional environment. While they may be divided into separate categories, they’re linked to each other.

Descriptive Analysis:

The most commonly used data analysis, descriptive analysis simply summarizes past data. For example, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) use descriptive analysis. It establishes certain benchmarks after studying how someone has been performing in the past.

Diagnostic Analysis:

The next step is to identify why something happened. Diagnostic analysis uses the information gathered through descriptive analysis and helps find the underlying causes of an outcome. For example, if a marketing initiative was successful, you deep-dive into the strategies that worked.

Predictive Analysis:

It attempts to answer ‘what’s likely to happen’. Predictive analysis makes use of past data to predict future outcomes. However, the accuracy of predictions depends on the quality of the data provided. Risk assessment is an ideal example of using predictive analysis.

Prescriptive Analysis: 

The most sought-after type of data analysis, prescriptive analysis combines the insights of all of the previous analyses. It’s a huge organizational commitment as it requires plenty of effort and resources. A great example of prescriptive analysis is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which consumes large amounts of data. You need to be prepared to commit to this type of analysis.

Review And Interpret

Once you’ve collected and collated your data, it’s time to review it and draw accurate conclusions. Here are a few ways to improve the review process:

Identify the fundamental issues, opportunities and problems and make note of recurring trends if any

Make a list of your insights and check which is the most or the least common. In short, keep track of the frequency of each insight

Conduct a SWOT analysis and identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats

Write down your conclusions and recommendations of the research

When we think about research, we often associate it with academicians and students. but the truth is research is for everybody who is willing to learn and enhance their knowledge. If you want to master the art of strategically upgrading your knowledge, Harappa Education’s Learning Expertly course has all the answers. Not only will it help you look at things from a fresh perspective but also show you how to acquire new information with greater efficiency. The Growth Mindset framework will teach you how to believe in your abilities to grow and improve. The Learning Transfer framework will help you apply your learnings from one context to another. Begin the journey of tactful learning and self-improvement today!

Explore Harappa Diaries to learn more about topics related to the THINK Habit such as  Learning From Experience ,  Critical Thinking  & What is  Brainstorming  to think clearly and rationally.

Formulating Research Aims and Objectives

Formulating research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner is one of the most important aspects of your thesis. This is because research aim and objectives determine the scope, depth and the overall direction of the research. Research question is the central question of the study that has to be answered on the basis of research findings.

Research aim emphasizes what needs to be achieved within the scope of the research, by the end of the research process. Achievement of research aim provides answer to the research question.

Research objectives divide research aim into several parts and address each part separately. Research aim specifies WHAT needs to be studied and research objectives comprise a number of steps that address HOW research aim will be achieved.

As a rule of dumb, there would be one research aim and several research objectives. Achievement of each research objective will lead to the achievement of the research aim.

Consider the following as an example:

Research title: Effects of organizational culture on business profitability: a case study of Virgin Atlantic

Research aim: To assess the effects of Virgin Atlantic organizational culture on business profitability

Following research objectives would facilitate the achievement of this aim:

• Analyzing the nature of organizational culture at Virgin Atlantic by September 1, 2022
• Identifying factors impacting Virgin Atlantic organizational culture by September 16, 2022
• Analyzing impacts of Virgin Atlantic organizational culture on employee performances by September 30, 2022
• Providing recommendations to Virgin Atlantic strategic level management in terms of increasing the level of effectiveness of organizational culture by October 5, 2022

Figure below illustrates additional examples in formulating research aims and objectives:

Formulation of research question, aim and objectives

Common mistakes in the formulation of research aim relate to the following:

1. Choosing the topic too broadly . This is the most common mistake. For example, a research title of “an analysis of leadership practices” can be classified as too broad because the title fails to answer the following questions:

a) Which aspects of leadership practices? Leadership has many aspects such as employee motivation, ethical behaviour, strategic planning, change management etc. An attempt to cover all of these aspects of organizational leadership within a single research will result in an unfocused and poor work.

b) An analysis of leadership practices in which country? Leadership practices tend to be different in various countries due to cross-cultural differences, legislations and a range of other region-specific factors. Therefore, a study of leadership practices needs to be country-specific.

c) Analysis of leadership practices in which company or industry? Similar to the point above, analysis of leadership practices needs to take into account industry-specific and/or company-specific differences, and there is no way to conduct a leadership research that relates to all industries and organizations in an equal manner.

Accordingly, as an example “a study into the impacts of ethical behaviour of a leader on the level of employee motivation in US healthcare sector” would be a more appropriate title than simply “An analysis of leadership practices”.

2. Setting an unrealistic aim . Formulation of a research aim that involves in-depth interviews with Apple strategic level management by an undergraduate level student can be specified as a bit over-ambitious. This is because securing an interview with Apple CEO Tim Cook or members of Apple Board of Directors might not be easy. This is an extreme example of course, but you got the idea. Instead, you may aim to interview the manager of your local Apple store and adopt a more feasible strategy to get your dissertation completed.

3. Choosing research methods incompatible with the timeframe available . Conducting interviews with 20 sample group members and collecting primary data through 2 focus groups when only three months left until submission of your dissertation can be very difficult, if not impossible. Accordingly, timeframe available need to be taken into account when formulating research aims and objectives and selecting research methods.

Moreover, research objectives need to be formulated according to SMART principle,

 where the abbreviation stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound.

Examples of SMART research objectives

At the conclusion part of your research project you will need to reflect on the level of achievement of research aims and objectives. In case your research aims and objectives are not fully achieved by the end of the study, you will need to discuss the reasons. These may include initial inappropriate formulation of research aims and objectives, effects of other variables that were not considered at the beginning of the research or changes in some circumstances during the research process.

John Dudovskiy

Modernizing the Academic Teaching and Research Environment pp 1–23 Cite as

Research Methodology: An Introduction

• Vida Davidavičienė 3  
• First Online: 31 March 2018

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Part of the book series: Progress in IS ((PROIS))

Digital age brings the most dramatic changes in this study and research discipline as well as in other fields of human activities. Scientific research is known for a very long time, however in comparison with other research fields the business and management researches are a little bit younger. The information technologies and new research methodologies that have recently emerged, dramatically change the nature of the research. Therefore, researchers should be ready to absorb new possibilities and follow basic roles coming from earlier stages of the discipline. The intention of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to those aspects of pertinent research to beginner researchers. The chapter presents the nature of scientific research so that it may be clearly understood and uses, as its basic approach, the fundamental principles of problem solving. The scope of the research provides an overviews the entire assumptions about reality, knowledge and human nature, key terms of theory and research presented. Main concepts of the research are discussed and all this is oriented to business, management and economic science specific.

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Davidavičienė, V. (2018). Research Methodology: An Introduction. In: Marx Gómez, J., Mouselli, S. (eds) Modernizing the Academic Teaching and Research Environment. Progress in IS. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74173-4_1

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What is Research Methodology? Definition, Types, and Examples

Research methodology 1,2 is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of the research. Several aspects must be considered before selecting an appropriate research methodology, such as research limitations and ethical concerns that may affect your research.

The research methodology section in a scientific paper describes the different methodological choices made, such as the data collection and analysis methods, and why these choices were selected. The reasons should explain why the methods chosen are the most appropriate to answer the research question. A good research methodology also helps ensure the reliability and validity of the research findings. There are three types of research methodology—quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method, which can be chosen based on the research objectives.

What is research methodology ?

A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the overall framework within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.

Why is research methodology important?

Having a good research methodology in place has the following advantages: 3

• Helps other researchers who may want to replicate your research; the explanations will be of benefit to them.
• You can easily answer any questions about your research if they arise at a later stage.
• A research methodology provides a framework and guidelines for researchers to clearly define research questions, hypotheses, and objectives.
• It helps researchers identify the most appropriate research design, sampling technique, and data collection and analysis methods.
• A sound research methodology helps researchers ensure that their findings are valid and reliable and free from biases and errors.
• It also helps ensure that ethical guidelines are followed while conducting research.
• A good research methodology helps researchers in planning their research efficiently, by ensuring optimum usage of their time and resources.

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Types of research methodology.

There are three types of research methodology based on the type of research and the data required. 1

• Quantitative research methodology focuses on measuring and testing numerical data. This approach is good for reaching a large number of people in a short amount of time. This type of research helps in testing the causal relationships between variables, making predictions, and generalizing results to wider populations.
• Qualitative research methodology examines the opinions, behaviors, and experiences of people. It collects and analyzes words and textual data. This research methodology requires fewer participants but is still more time consuming because the time spent per participant is quite large. This method is used in exploratory research where the research problem being investigated is not clearly defined.
• Mixed-method research methodology uses the characteristics of both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies in the same study. This method allows researchers to validate their findings, verify if the results observed using both methods are complementary, and explain any unexpected results obtained from one method by using the other method.

What are the types of sampling designs in research methodology?

Sampling 4 is an important part of a research methodology and involves selecting a representative sample of the population to conduct the study, making statistical inferences about them, and estimating the characteristics of the whole population based on these inferences. There are two types of sampling designs in research methodology—probability and nonprobability.

• Probability sampling

In this type of sampling design, a sample is chosen from a larger population using some form of random selection, that is, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. The different types of probability sampling are:

• Systematic —sample members are chosen at regular intervals. It requires selecting a starting point for the sample and sample size determination that can be repeated at regular intervals. This type of sampling method has a predefined range; hence, it is the least time consuming.
• Stratified —researchers divide the population into smaller groups that don’t overlap but represent the entire population. While sampling, these groups can be organized, and then a sample can be drawn from each group separately.
• Cluster —the population is divided into clusters based on demographic parameters like age, sex, location, etc.
• Convenience —selects participants who are most easily accessible to researchers due to geographical proximity, availability at a particular time, etc.
• Purposive —participants are selected at the researcher’s discretion. Researchers consider the purpose of the study and the understanding of the target audience.
• Snowball —already selected participants use their social networks to refer the researcher to other potential participants.
• Quota —while designing the study, the researchers decide how many people with which characteristics to include as participants. The characteristics help in choosing people most likely to provide insights into the subject.

What are data collection methods?

During research, data are collected using various methods depending on the research methodology being followed and the research methods being undertaken. Both qualitative and quantitative research have different data collection methods, as listed below.

Qualitative research 5

• One-on-one interviews: Helps the interviewers understand a respondent’s subjective opinion and experience pertaining to a specific topic or event
• Document study/literature review/record keeping: Researchers’ review of already existing written materials such as archives, annual reports, research articles, guidelines, policy documents, etc.
• Focus groups: Constructive discussions that usually include a small sample of about 6-10 people and a moderator, to understand the participants’ opinion on a given topic.
• Qualitative observation : Researchers collect data using their five senses (sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing).

Quantitative research 6

• Sampling: The most common type is probability sampling.
• Interviews: Commonly telephonic or done in-person.
• Observations: Structured observations are most commonly used in quantitative research. In this method, researchers make observations about specific behaviors of individuals in a structured setting.
• Document review: Reviewing existing research or documents to collect evidence for supporting the research.
• Surveys and questionnaires. Surveys can be administered both online and offline depending on the requirement and sample size.

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What are data analysis methods.

The data collected using the various methods for qualitative and quantitative research need to be analyzed to generate meaningful conclusions. These data analysis methods 7 also differ between quantitative and qualitative research.

Quantitative research involves a deductive method for data analysis where hypotheses are developed at the beginning of the research and precise measurement is required. The methods include statistical analysis applications to analyze numerical data and are grouped into two categories—descriptive and inferential.

Descriptive analysis is used to describe the basic features of different types of data to present it in a way that ensures the patterns become meaningful. The different types of descriptive analysis methods are:

• Measures of frequency (count, percent, frequency)
• Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
• Measures of dispersion or variation (range, variance, standard deviation)
• Measure of position (percentile ranks, quartile ranks)

Inferential analysis is used to make predictions about a larger population based on the analysis of the data collected from a smaller population. This analysis is used to study the relationships between different variables. Some commonly used inferential data analysis methods are:

• Correlation: To understand the relationship between two or more variables.
• Cross-tabulation: Analyze the relationship between multiple variables.
• Regression analysis: Study the impact of independent variables on the dependent variable.
• Frequency tables: To understand the frequency of data.
• Analysis of variance: To test the degree to which two or more variables differ in an experiment.

Qualitative research involves an inductive method for data analysis where hypotheses are developed after data collection. The methods include:

• Content analysis: For analyzing documented information from text and images by determining the presence of certain words or concepts in texts.
• Narrative analysis: For analyzing content obtained from sources such as interviews, field observations, and surveys. The stories and opinions shared by people are used to answer research questions.
• Discourse analysis: For analyzing interactions with people considering the social context, that is, the lifestyle and environment, under which the interaction occurs.
• Grounded theory: Involves hypothesis creation by data collection and analysis to explain why a phenomenon occurred.
• Thematic analysis: To identify important themes or patterns in data and use these to address an issue.

How to choose a research methodology?

Here are some important factors to consider when choosing a research methodology: 8

• Research objectives, aims, and questions —these would help structure the research design.
• Review existing literature to identify any gaps in knowledge.
• Check the statistical requirements —if data-driven or statistical results are needed then quantitative research is the best. If the research questions can be answered based on people’s opinions and perceptions, then qualitative research is most suitable.
• Sample size —sample size can often determine the feasibility of a research methodology. For a large sample, less effort- and time-intensive methods are appropriate.
• Constraints —constraints of time, geography, and resources can help define the appropriate methodology.

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How to write a research methodology .

A research methodology should include the following components: 3,9

• Research design —should be selected based on the research question and the data required. Common research designs include experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, descriptive, and exploratory.
• Research method —this can be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-method.
• Reason for selecting a specific methodology —explain why this methodology is the most suitable to answer your research problem.
• Research instruments —explain the research instruments you plan to use, mainly referring to the data collection methods such as interviews, surveys, etc. Here as well, a reason should be mentioned for selecting the particular instrument.
• Sampling —this involves selecting a representative subset of the population being studied.
• Data collection —involves gathering data using several data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, etc.
• Data analysis —describe the data analysis methods you will use once you’ve collected the data.
• Research limitations —mention any limitations you foresee while conducting your research.
• Validity and reliability —validity helps identify the accuracy and truthfulness of the findings; reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the results over time and across different conditions.
• Ethical considerations —research should be conducted ethically. The considerations include obtaining consent from participants, maintaining confidentiality, and addressing conflicts of interest.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. What are the key components of research methodology?

A1. A good research methodology has the following key components:

• Research design
• Data collection procedures
• Data analysis methods
• Ethical considerations

Q2. Why is ethical consideration important in research methodology?

A2. Ethical consideration is important in research methodology to ensure the readers of the reliability and validity of the study. Researchers must clearly mention the ethical norms and standards followed during the conduct of the research and also mention if the research has been cleared by any institutional board. The following 10 points are the important principles related to ethical considerations: 10

• Participants should not be subjected to harm.
• Respect for the dignity of participants should be prioritized.
• Full consent should be obtained from participants before the study.
• Participants’ privacy should be ensured.
• Confidentiality of the research data should be ensured.
• Anonymity of individuals and organizations participating in the research should be maintained.
• The aims and objectives of the research should not be exaggerated.
• Affiliations, sources of funding, and any possible conflicts of interest should be declared.
• Communication in relation to the research should be honest and transparent.
• Misleading information and biased representation of primary data findings should be avoided.

Q3. What is the difference between methodology and method?

A3. Research methodology is different from a research method, although both terms are often confused. Research methods are the tools used to gather data, while the research methodology provides a framework for how research is planned, conducted, and analyzed. The latter guides researchers in making decisions about the most appropriate methods for their research. Research methods refer to the specific techniques, procedures, and tools used by researchers to collect, analyze, and interpret data, for instance surveys, questionnaires, interviews, etc.

Research methodology is, thus, an integral part of a research study. It helps ensure that you stay on track to meet your research objectives and answer your research questions using the most appropriate data collection and analysis tools based on your research design.

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• Research methodologies. Pfeiffer Library website. Accessed August 15, 2023. https://library.tiffin.edu/researchmethodologies/whatareresearchmethodologies
• Types of research methodology. Eduvoice website. Accessed August 16, 2023. https://eduvoice.in/types-research-methodology/
• The basics of research methodology: A key to quality research. Voxco. Accessed August 16, 2023. https://www.voxco.com/blog/what-is-research-methodology/
• Sampling methods: Types with examples. QuestionPro website. Accessed August 16, 2023. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-sampling-for-social-research/
• What is qualitative research? Methods, types, approaches, examples. Researcher.Life blog. Accessed August 15, 2023. https://researcher.life/blog/article/what-is-qualitative-research-methods-types-examples/
• What is quantitative research? Definition, methods, types, and examples. Researcher.Life blog. Accessed August 15, 2023. https://researcher.life/blog/article/what-is-quantitative-research-types-and-examples/
• Data analysis in research: Types & methods. QuestionPro website. Accessed August 16, 2023. https://www.questionpro.com/blog/data-analysis-in-research/#Data_analysis_in_qualitative_research
• Factors to consider while choosing the right research methodology. PhD Monster website. Accessed August 17, 2023. https://www.phdmonster.com/factors-to-consider-while-choosing-the-right-research-methodology/
• What is research methodology? Research and writing guides. Accessed August 14, 2023. https://paperpile.com/g/what-is-research-methodology/
• Ethical considerations. Business research methodology website. Accessed August 17, 2023. https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/ethical-considerations/

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Aims and Objectives of Research Methodology

Meaning of research methodology.

Research methodology simply refers to the procedure or plan of action for conducting a research. It defines techniques and tools used to collect, process and analyze data regarding the research topic.

Research methodologies tell the systematic method for acquiring data and studying it for deriving out crucial findings. This is an important process that helps in solving problems and making business decisions. It enables management for properly organizing their efforts in a right direction for generating an idea.

Methodology of research indicates and influences the overall validity and reliability of whole research to be conducted. Methodology answers mainly two questions regarding research that are how the data used for study was acquired and how it was analyzed to derive out the findings.

Research methodologies are broadly classified into two main categories: Quantitative research methods and Qualitative research methods. Quantitative research is one which is based on quantitative terms and involves collection of numerical data, analyzing it and drawing conclusions using numbers. Qualitative research on other hand, is one which is done using non-numerical and unquantifiable elements like feelings, emotion, sound etc.

Aims and Objectives of Research methodology

Develops better Insight into Topic

Research methodology provides better familiarity with the research topic by properly explaining each concept associated with it. It aims at the proper analysis of every aspect and accurately portrays all findings of the project. 

Provides Systematic Structure

Research methodology eases the process of whole research to be done. It clearly defines the tools and techniques to be used for collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data to find out the solutions.

Enhance the Research Quality

It determines the reliability and validity of the whole research work. Research methodology tells accurate sources from where data should be taken for studying purpose which thereby improves the quality of research done.

Derive Better Solutions

Research methodology helps in deriving crucial findings for solving business problems. It performs an in-depth study of various projects, develops a better understanding and detects all problems.

Aids in Decision Making

Decision making is another important role played by research methodology. It supports management in organizing their efforts in generating a new idea. Research methodology by providing direction for various activities of the project helps managers for efficient decision making.

Inculcates logical and systematic Thinking

It develops the logical thinking ability of individuals. Research methodology evaluates every element of the project and highlights them in detail. It represents every aspect in a simplified manner which improves logical thinking.

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• Advantages and Disadvantages of Decision Making
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• Published: 07 September 2020
• Lawrence Mbuagbaw   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-5461 1 , 2 , 3 ,
• Daeria O. Lawson 1 ,
• Livia Puljak 4 ,
• David B. Allison 5 &
• Lehana Thabane 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8  

BMC Medical Research Methodology volume  20 , Article number:  226 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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Methodological studies – studies that evaluate the design, analysis or reporting of other research-related reports – play an important role in health research. They help to highlight issues in the conduct of research with the aim of improving health research methodology, and ultimately reducing research waste.

We provide an overview of some of the key aspects of methodological studies such as what they are, and when, how and why they are done. We adopt a “frequently asked questions” format to facilitate reading this paper and provide multiple examples to help guide researchers interested in conducting methodological studies. Some of the topics addressed include: is it necessary to publish a study protocol? How to select relevant research reports and databases for a methodological study? What approaches to data extraction and statistical analysis should be considered when conducting a methodological study? What are potential threats to validity and is there a way to appraise the quality of methodological studies?

Peer Review reports

The field of meta-research (or research-on-research) has proliferated in recent years in response to issues with research quality and conduct [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. As the name suggests, this field targets issues with research design, conduct, analysis and reporting. Various types of research reports are often examined as the unit of analysis in these studies (e.g. abstracts, full manuscripts, trial registry entries). Like many other novel fields of research, meta-research has seen a proliferation of use before the development of reporting guidance. For example, this was the case with randomized trials for which risk of bias tools and reporting guidelines were only developed much later – after many trials had been published and noted to have limitations [ 4 , 5 ]; and for systematic reviews as well [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. However, in the absence of formal guidance, studies that report on research differ substantially in how they are named, conducted and reported [ 9 , 10 ]. This creates challenges in identifying, summarizing and comparing them. In this tutorial paper, we will use the term methodological study to refer to any study that reports on the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of primary or secondary research-related reports (such as trial registry entries and conference abstracts).

In the past 10 years, there has been an increase in the use of terms related to methodological studies (based on records retrieved with a keyword search [in the title and abstract] for “methodological review” and “meta-epidemiological study” in PubMed up to December 2019), suggesting that these studies may be appearing more frequently in the literature. See Fig.  1 .

Trends in the number studies that mention “methodological review” or “meta-

epidemiological study” in PubMed.

Any study that describes or analyzes methods (design, conduct, analysis or reporting) in published (or unpublished) literature is a methodological study. Consequently, the scope of methodological studies is quite extensive and includes, but is not limited to, topics as diverse as: research question formulation [ 11 ]; adherence to reporting guidelines [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] and consistency in reporting [ 15 ]; approaches to study analysis [ 16 ]; investigating the credibility of analyses [ 17 ]; and studies that synthesize these methodological studies [ 18 ]. While the nomenclature of methodological studies is not uniform, the intents and purposes of these studies remain fairly consistent – to describe or analyze methods in primary or secondary studies. As such, methodological studies may also be classified as a subtype of observational studies.

There is no clear answer to this question. Based on a search of PubMed, the use of related terms (“methodological review” and “meta-epidemiological study”) – and therefore, the number of methodological studies – is on the rise. However, many other terms are used to describe methodological studies. There are also many studies that explore design, conduct, analysis or reporting of research reports, but that do not use any specific terms to describe or label their study design in terms of “methodology”. This diversity in nomenclature makes a census of methodological studies elusive. Appropriate terminology and key words for methodological studies are needed to facilitate improved accessibility for end-users.

Methodological studies provide information on the design, conduct, analysis or reporting of primary and secondary research and can be used to appraise quality, quantity, completeness, accuracy and consistency of health research. These issues can be explored in specific fields, journals, databases, geographical regions and time periods. For example, Areia et al. explored the quality of reporting of endoscopic diagnostic studies in gastroenterology [ 25 ]; Knol et al. investigated the reporting of p -values in baseline tables in randomized trial published in high impact journals [ 26 ]; Chen et al. describe adherence to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement in Chinese Journals [ 27 ]; and Hopewell et al. describe the effect of editors’ implementation of CONSORT guidelines on reporting of abstracts over time [ 28 ]. Methodological studies provide useful information to researchers, clinicians, editors, publishers and users of health literature. As a result, these studies have been at the cornerstone of important methodological developments in the past two decades and have informed the development of many health research guidelines including the highly cited CONSORT statement [ 5 ].

Methodological studies can be found in most common biomedical bibliographic databases (e.g. Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science). However, the biggest caveat is that methodological studies are hard to identify in the literature due to the wide variety of names used and the lack of comprehensive databases dedicated to them. A handful can be found in the Cochrane Library as “Cochrane Methodology Reviews”, but these studies only cover methodological issues related to systematic reviews. Previous attempts to catalogue all empirical studies of methods used in reviews were abandoned 10 years ago [ 29 ]. In other databases, a variety of search terms may be applied with different levels of sensitivity and specificity.

The strategies used for identifying participants in observational studies can apply here. One may use a systematic search to identify all eligible studies. If the number of eligible studies is unmanageable, a random sample of articles can be expected to provide comparable results if it is sufficiently large [ 32 ]. For example, Wilson et al. used a random sample of trials from the Cochrane Stroke Group’s Trial Register to investigate completeness of reporting [ 33 ]. It is possible that a simple random sample would lead to underrepresentation of units (i.e. research reports) that are smaller in number. This is relevant if the investigators wish to compare multiple groups but have too few units in one group. In this case a stratified sample would help to create equal groups. For example, in a methodological study comparing Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews, Kahale et al. drew random samples from both groups [ 34 ]. Alternatively, systematic or purposeful sampling strategies can be used and we encourage researchers to justify their selected approaches based on the study objective.

A: The number of databases one should search would depend on the approach to sampling, which can include targeting the entire “population” of interest or a sample of that population. If you are interested in including the entire target population for your research question, or drawing a random or systematic sample from it, then a comprehensive and exhaustive search for relevant articles is required. In this case, we recommend using systematic approaches for searching electronic databases (i.e. at least 2 databases with a replicable and time stamped search strategy). The results of your search will constitute a sampling frame from which eligible studies can be drawn.

Alternatively, if your approach to sampling is purposeful, then we recommend targeting the database(s) or data sources (e.g. journals, registries) that include the information you need. For example, if you are conducting a methodological study of high impact journals in plastic surgery and they are all indexed in PubMed, you likely do not need to search any other databases. You may also have a comprehensive list of all journals of interest and can approach your search using the journal names in your database search (or by accessing the journal archives directly from the journal’s website). Even though one could also search journals’ web pages directly, using a database such as PubMed has multiple advantages, such as the use of filters, so the search can be narrowed down to a certain period, or study types of interest. Furthermore, individual journals’ web sites may have different search functionalities, which do not necessarily yield a consistent output.

A: Other terms which have been used to describe/label methodological studies include “ methodological review ”, “methodological survey” , “meta-epidemiological study” , “systematic review” , “systematic survey”, “meta-research”, “research-on-research” and many others. We recommend that the study nomenclature be clear, unambiguous, informative and allow for appropriate indexing. Methodological study nomenclature that should be avoided includes “ systematic review” – as this will likely be confused with a systematic review of a clinical question. “ Systematic survey” may also lead to confusion about whether the survey was systematic (i.e. using a preplanned methodology) or a survey using “ systematic” sampling (i.e. a sampling approach using specific intervals to determine who is selected) [ 32 ]. Any of the above meanings of the words “ systematic” may be true for methodological studies and could be potentially misleading. “ Meta-epidemiological study” is ideal for indexing, but not very informative as it describes an entire field. The term “ review ” may point towards an appraisal or “review” of the design, conduct, analysis or reporting (or methodological components) of the targeted research reports, yet it has also been used to describe narrative reviews [ 41 , 42 ]. The term “ survey ” is also in line with the approaches used in many methodological studies [ 9 ], and would be indicative of the sampling procedures of this study design. However, in the absence of guidelines on nomenclature, the term “ methodological study ” is broad enough to capture most of the scenarios of such studies.

A: Data from methodological studies are often clustered. For example, articles coming from a specific source may have different reporting standards (e.g. the Cochrane Library). Articles within the same journal may be similar due to editorial practices and policies, reporting requirements and endorsement of guidelines. There is emerging evidence that these are real concerns that should be accounted for in analyses [ 43 ]. Some cluster variables are described in the section: “ What variables are relevant to methodological studies?”

Authors’ expertise: The inclusion of authors with expertise in research methodology, biostatistics, and scientific writing is likely to influence the end-product. Oltean et al. found that among randomized trials in orthopaedic surgery, the use of analyses that accounted for clustering was more likely when specialists (e.g. statistician, epidemiologist or clinical trials methodologist) were included on the study team [ 54 ]. Fleming et al. found that including methodologists in the review team was associated with appropriate use of reporting guidelines [ 55 ].

Source of funding and conflicts of interest: Some studies have found that funded studies report better [ 56 , 57 ], while others do not [ 53 , 58 ]. The presence of funding would indicate the availability of resources deployed to ensure optimal design, conduct, analysis and reporting. However, the source of funding may introduce conflicts of interest and warrant assessment. For example, Kaiser et al. investigated the effect of industry funding on obesity or nutrition randomized trials and found that reporting quality was similar [ 59 ]. Thomas et al. looked at reporting quality of long-term weight loss trials and found that industry funded studies were better [ 60 ]. Kan et al. examined the association between industry funding and “positive trials” (trials reporting a significant intervention effect) and found that industry funding was highly predictive of a positive trial [ 61 ]. This finding is similar to that of a recent Cochrane Methodology Review by Hansen et al. [ 62 ]

Journal characteristics: Certain journals’ characteristics may influence the study design, analysis or reporting. Characteristics such as journal endorsement of guidelines [ 63 , 64 ], and Journal Impact Factor (JIF) have been shown to be associated with reporting [ 63 , 65 , 66 , 67 ].

A: Investigators may choose to investigate only high impact journals because they are more likely to influence practice and policy, or because they assume that methodological standards would be higher. However, the JIF may severely limit the scope of articles included and may skew the sample towards articles with positive findings. The generalizability and applicability of findings from a handful of journals must be examined carefully, especially since the JIF varies over time. Even among journals that are all “high impact”, variations exist in methodological standards.

A: Yes. Even though a lot of methodological research has been conducted in the quantitative research field, methodological studies of qualitative studies are feasible. Certain databases that catalogue qualitative research including the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) have defined subject headings that are specific to methodological research (e.g. “research methodology”). Alternatively, one could also conduct a qualitative methodological review; that is, use qualitative approaches to synthesize methodological issues in qualitative studies.

A: There is no guideline that covers the entire scope of methodological studies. One adaptation of the PRISMA guidelines has been published, which works well for studies that aim to use the entire target population of research reports [ 71 ]. However, it is not widely used (40 citations in 2 years as of 09 December 2019), and methodological studies that are designed as cross-sectional or before-after studies require a more fit-for purpose guideline. A more encompassing reporting guideline for a broad range of methodological studies is currently under development [ 72 ]. However, in the absence of formal guidance, the requirements for scientific reporting should be respected, and authors of methodological studies should focus on transparency and reproducibility.

Even applicability to high impact journals may vary based on the investigators’ definition, and over time. For example, for high impact journals in the field of general medicine, Bouwmeester et al. included the Annals of Internal Medicine (AIM), BMJ, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Lancet, the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), and PLoS Medicine ( n  = 6) [ 75 ]. In contrast, the high impact journals selected in the methodological study by Schiller et al. were BMJ, JAMA, Lancet, and NEJM ( n  = 4) [ 76 ]. Another methodological study by Kosa et al. included AIM, BMJ, JAMA, Lancet and NEJM ( n  = 5). In the methodological study by Thabut et al., journals with a JIF greater than 5 were considered to be high impact. Riado Minguez et al. used first quartile journals in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) for a specific year to determine “high impact” [ 77 ]. Ultimately, the definition of high impact will be based on the number of journals the investigators are willing to include, the year of impact and the JIF cut-off [ 78 ]. We acknowledge that the term “generalizability” may apply differently for methodological studies, especially when in many instances it is possible to include the entire target population in the sample studied.

Methodological studies that investigate bias

A methodological study may be focused on exploring sources of bias in primary or secondary studies (meta-bias), or how bias is analyzed. We have taken care to distinguish bias (i.e. systematic deviations from the truth irrespective of the source) from reporting quality or completeness (i.e. not adhering to a specific reporting guideline or norm). An example of where this distinction would be important is in the case of a randomized trial with no blinding. This study (depending on the nature of the intervention) would be at risk of performance bias. However, if the authors report that their study was not blinded, they would have reported adequately. In fact, some methodological studies attempt to capture both “quality of conduct” and “quality of reporting”, such as Richie et al., who reported on the risk of bias in randomized trials of pharmacy practice interventions [ 80 ]. Babic et al. investigated how risk of bias was used to inform sensitivity analyses in Cochrane reviews [ 81 ]. Further, biases related to choice of outcomes can also be explored. For example, Tan et al investigated differences in treatment effect size based on the outcome reported [ 82 ].

Methodological studies that investigate quality (or completeness) of reporting

Methodological studies that investigate the consistency of reporting

Methodological studies that investigate factors associated with reporting

Methodological studies that investigate methods

Methodological studies that summarize other methodological studies

Methodological studies that investigate nomenclature and terminology

Other types of methodological studies

What is the design?

Methodological studies that are descriptive

Methodological studies that are analytical

Some methodological studies are analytical wherein “analytical studies identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, identify causes and determine whether an association exists between variables, such as between an exposure and a disease.” [ 89 ] In the case of methodological studies all these investigations are possible. For example, Kosa et al. investigated the association between agreement in primary outcome from trial registry to published manuscript and study covariates. They found that larger and more recent studies were more likely to have agreement [ 15 ]. Tricco et al. compared the conclusion statements from Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews with a meta-analysis of the primary outcome and found that non-Cochrane reviews were more likely to report positive findings. These results are a test of the null hypothesis that the proportions of Cochrane and non-Cochrane reviews that report positive results are equal [ 90 ].

What is the sampling strategy?

Methodological studies that include the target population

Methodological reviews with narrow research questions may be able to include the entire target population. For example, in the methodological study of Cochrane HIV systematic reviews, Mbuagbaw et al. included all of the available studies ( n  = 103) [ 30 ].

Methodological studies that include a sample of the target population

What is the unit of analysis?

Methodological studies with a research report as the unit of analysis

Methodological studies with a design, analysis or reporting item as the unit of analysis

This framework is outlined in Fig.  2 .

Abbreviations

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

Evidence, Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Timeframe

Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations

Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Timeframe

Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses

Studies Within a Review

Studies Within a Trial

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Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Lawrence Mbuagbaw, Daeria O. Lawson & Lehana Thabane

Biostatistics Unit/FSORC, 50 Charlton Avenue East, St Joseph’s Healthcare—Hamilton, 3rd Floor Martha Wing, Room H321, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada

Lawrence Mbuagbaw & Lehana Thabane

Centre for the Development of Best Practices in Health, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Lawrence Mbuagbaw

Center for Evidence-Based Medicine and Health Care, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia

Livia Puljak

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health – Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

Departments of Paediatrics and Anaesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Centre for Evaluation of Medicine, St. Joseph’s Healthcare-Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Contributions

Correspondence to Lawrence Mbuagbaw .

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Mbuagbaw, L., Lawson, D.O., Puljak, L. et al. A tutorial on methodological studies: the what, when, how and why. BMC Med Res Methodol 20 , 226 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01107-7

Received : 27 May 2020

Accepted : 27 August 2020

Published : 07 September 2020

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01107-7

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How To Choose Your Research Methodology

Qualitative vs quantitative vs mixed methods.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA). Expert Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2021

Without a doubt, one of the most common questions we receive at Grad Coach is “ How do I choose the right methodology for my research? ”. It’s easy to see why – with so many options on the research design table, it’s easy to get intimidated, especially with all the complex lingo!

In this post, we’ll explain the three overarching types of research – qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods – and how you can go about choosing the best methodological approach for your research.

Overview: Choosing Your Methodology

Understanding the options – Qualitative research – Quantitative research – Mixed methods-based research

Choosing a research methodology – Nature of the research – Research area norms – Practicalities

1. Understanding the options

Before we jump into the question of how to choose a research methodology, it’s useful to take a step back to understand the three overarching types of research – qualitative , quantitative and mixed methods -based research. Each of these options takes a different methodological approach.

Qualitative research utilises data that is not numbers-based. In other words, qualitative research focuses on words , descriptions , concepts or ideas – while quantitative research makes use of numbers and statistics. Qualitative research investigates the “softer side” of things to explore and describe, while quantitative research focuses on the “hard numbers”, to measure differences between variables and the relationships between them.

Importantly, qualitative research methods are typically used to explore and gain a deeper understanding of the complexity of a situation – to draw a rich picture . In contrast to this, quantitative methods are usually used to confirm or test hypotheses . In other words, they have distinctly different purposes. The table below highlights a few of the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research – you can learn more about the differences here.

• Uses an inductive approach
• Is used to build theories
• Takes a subjective approach
• Adopts an open and flexible approach
• The researcher is close to the respondents
• Interviews and focus groups are oftentimes used to collect word-based data.
• Generally, draws on small sample sizes
• Uses qualitative data analysis techniques (e.g. content analysis , thematic analysis , etc)
• Uses a deductive approach
• Is used to test theories
• Takes an objective approach
• Adopts a closed, highly planned approach
• The research is disconnected from respondents
• Surveys or laboratory equipment are often used to collect number-based data.
• Generally, requires large sample sizes
• Uses statistical analysis techniques to make sense of the data

Mixed methods -based research, as you’d expect, attempts to bring these two types of research together, drawing on both qualitative and quantitative data. Quite often, mixed methods-based studies will use qualitative research to explore a situation and develop a potential model of understanding (this is called a conceptual framework), and then go on to use quantitative methods to test that model empirically.

In other words, while qualitative and quantitative methods (and the philosophies that underpin them) are completely different, they are not at odds with each other. It’s not a competition of qualitative vs quantitative. On the contrary, they can be used together to develop a high-quality piece of research. Of course, this is easier said than done, so we usually recommend that first-time researchers stick to a single approach , unless the nature of their study truly warrants a mixed-methods approach.

The key takeaway here, and the reason we started by looking at the three options, is that it’s important to understand that each methodological approach has a different purpose – for example, to explore and understand situations (qualitative), to test and measure (quantitative) or to do both. They’re not simply alternative tools for the same job. 

Right – now that we’ve got that out of the way, let’s look at how you can go about choosing the right methodology for your research.

2. How to choose a research methodology

To choose the right research methodology for your dissertation or thesis, you need to consider three important factors . Based on these three factors, you can decide on your overarching approach – qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods. Once you’ve made that decision, you can flesh out the finer details of your methodology, such as the sampling , data collection methods and analysis techniques (we discuss these separately in other posts ).

The three factors you need to consider are:

• The nature of your research aims, objectives and research questions
• The methodological approaches taken in the existing literature
• Practicalities and constraints

Let’s take a look at each of these.

Factor #1: The nature of your research

As I mentioned earlier, each type of research (and therefore, research methodology), whether qualitative, quantitative or mixed, has a different purpose and helps solve a different type of question. So, it’s logical that the key deciding factor in terms of which research methodology you adopt is the nature of your research aims, objectives and research questions .

But, what types of research exist?

Broadly speaking, research can fall into one of three categories:

• Exploratory – getting a better understanding of an issue and potentially developing a theory regarding it
• Confirmatory – confirming a potential theory or hypothesis by testing it empirically
• A mix of both – building a potential theory or hypothesis and then testing it

As a rule of thumb, exploratory research tends to adopt a qualitative approach , whereas confirmatory research tends to use quantitative methods . This isn’t set in stone, but it’s a very useful heuristic. Naturally then, research that combines a mix of both, or is seeking to develop a theory from the ground up and then test that theory, would utilize a mixed-methods approach.

Let’s look at an example in action.

If your research aims were to understand the perspectives of war veterans regarding certain political matters, you’d likely adopt a qualitative methodology, making use of interviews to collect data and one or more qualitative data analysis methods to make sense of the data.

If, on the other hand, your research aims involved testing a set of hypotheses regarding the link between political leaning and income levels, you’d likely adopt a quantitative methodology, using numbers-based data from a survey to measure the links between variables and/or constructs .

So, the first (and most important thing) thing you need to consider when deciding which methodological approach to use for your research project is the nature of your research aims , objectives and research questions. Specifically, you need to assess whether your research leans in an exploratory or confirmatory direction or involves a mix of both.

The importance of achieving solid alignment between these three factors and your methodology can’t be overstated. If they’re misaligned, you’re going to be forcing a square peg into a round hole. In other words, you’ll be using the wrong tool for the job, and your research will become a disjointed mess.

If your research is a mix of both exploratory and confirmatory, but you have a tight word count limit, you may need to consider trimming down the scope a little and focusing on one or the other. One methodology executed well has a far better chance of earning marks than a poorly executed mixed methods approach. So, don’t try to be a hero, unless there is a very strong underpinning logic.

Need a helping hand?

Factor #2: The disciplinary norms

Choosing the right methodology for your research also involves looking at the approaches used by other researchers in the field, and studies with similar research aims and objectives to yours. Oftentimes, within a discipline, there is a common methodological approach (or set of approaches) used in studies. While this doesn’t mean you should follow the herd “just because”, you should at least consider these approaches and evaluate their merit within your context.

A major benefit of reviewing the research methodologies used by similar studies in your field is that you can often piggyback on the data collection techniques that other (more experienced) researchers have developed. For example, if you’re undertaking a quantitative study, you can often find tried and tested survey scales with high Cronbach’s alphas. These are usually included in the appendices of journal articles, so you don’t even have to contact the original authors. By using these, you’ll save a lot of time and ensure that your study stands on the proverbial “shoulders of giants” by using high-quality measurement instruments .

Of course, when reviewing existing literature, keep point #1 front of mind. In other words, your methodology needs to align with your research aims, objectives and questions. Don’t fall into the trap of adopting the methodological “norm” of other studies just because it’s popular. Only adopt that which is relevant to your research.

Factor #3: Practicalities

When choosing a research methodology, there will always be a tension between doing what’s theoretically best (i.e., the most scientifically rigorous research design ) and doing what’s practical , given your constraints . This is the nature of doing research and there are always trade-offs, as with anything else.

But what constraints, you ask?

When you’re evaluating your methodological options, you need to consider the following constraints:

• Data access
• Equipment and software
• Your knowledge and skills

Let’s look at each of these.

Constraint #1: Data access

The first practical constraint you need to consider is your access to data . If you’re going to be undertaking primary research , you need to think critically about the sample of respondents you realistically have access to. For example, if you plan to use in-person interviews , you need to ask yourself how many people you’ll need to interview, whether they’ll be agreeable to being interviewed, where they’re located, and so on.

If you’re wanting to undertake a quantitative approach using surveys to collect data, you’ll need to consider how many responses you’ll require to achieve statistically significant results. For many statistical tests, a sample of a few hundred respondents is typically needed to develop convincing conclusions.

So, think carefully about what data you’ll need access to, how much data you’ll need and how you’ll collect it. The last thing you want is to spend a huge amount of time on your research only to find that you can’t get access to the required data.

Constraint #2: Time

The next constraint is time. If you’re undertaking research as part of a PhD, you may have a fairly open-ended time limit, but this is unlikely to be the case for undergrad and Masters-level projects. So, pay attention to your timeline, as the data collection and analysis components of different methodologies have a major impact on time requirements . Also, keep in mind that these stages of the research often take a lot longer than originally anticipated.

Another practical implication of time limits is that it will directly impact which time horizon you can use – i.e. longitudinal vs cross-sectional . For example, if you’ve got a 6-month limit for your entire research project, it’s quite unlikely that you’ll be able to adopt a longitudinal time horizon. 

Constraint #3: Money

As with so many things, money is another important constraint you’ll need to consider when deciding on your research methodology. While some research designs will cost near zero to execute, others may require a substantial budget .

Some of the costs that may arise include:

• Software costs – e.g. survey hosting services, analysis software, etc.
• Promotion costs – e.g. advertising a survey to attract respondents
• Incentive costs – e.g. providing a prize or cash payment incentive to attract respondents
• Equipment rental costs – e.g. recording equipment, lab equipment, etc.
• Travel costs
• Food & beverages

These are just a handful of costs that can creep into your research budget. Like most projects, the actual costs tend to be higher than the estimates, so be sure to err on the conservative side and expect the unexpected. It’s critically important that you’re honest with yourself about these costs, or you could end up getting stuck midway through your project because you’ve run out of money.

Constraint #4: Equipment & software

Another practical consideration is the hardware and/or software you’ll need in order to undertake your research. Of course, this variable will depend on the type of data you’re collecting and analysing. For example, you may need lab equipment to analyse substances, or you may need specific analysis software to analyse statistical data. So, be sure to think about what hardware and/or software you’ll need for each potential methodological approach, and whether you have access to these.

Constraint #5: Your knowledge and skillset

The final practical constraint is a big one. Naturally, the research process involves a lot of learning and development along the way, so you will accrue knowledge and skills as you progress. However, when considering your methodological options, you should still consider your current position on the ladder.

Some of the questions you should ask yourself are:

• Am I more of a “numbers person” or a “words person”?
• How much do I know about the analysis methods I’ll potentially use (e.g. statistical analysis)?
• How much do I know about the software and/or hardware that I’ll potentially use?
• How excited am I to learn new research skills and gain new knowledge?
• How much time do I have to learn the things I need to learn?

Answering these questions honestly will provide you with another set of criteria against which you can evaluate the research methodology options you’ve shortlisted.

So, as you can see, there is a wide range of practicalities and constraints that you need to take into account when you’re deciding on a research methodology. These practicalities create a tension between the “ideal” methodology and the methodology that you can realistically pull off. This is perfectly normal, and it’s your job to find the option that presents the best set of trade-offs.

Recap: Choosing a methodology

In this post, we’ve discussed how to go about choosing a research methodology. The three major deciding factors we looked at were:

• Exploratory
• Confirmatory
• Combination
• Research area norms
• Hardware and software
• Your knowledge and skillset

If you have any questions, feel free to leave a comment below. If you’d like a helping hand with your research methodology, check out our 1-on-1 research coaching service , or book a free consultation with a friendly Grad Coach.

Psst… there’s more (for free)

This post is part of our dissertation mini-course, which covers everything you need to get started with your dissertation, thesis or research project. 

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Very useful and informative especially for beginners

Nice article! I’m a beginner in the field of cybersecurity research. I am a Telecom and Network Engineer and Also aiming for PhD scholarship.

I find the article very informative especially for my decitation it has been helpful and an eye opener.

Hi I am Anna ,

I am a PHD candidate in the area of cyber security, maybe we can link up

The Examples shows by you, for sure they are really direct me and others to knows and practices the Research Design and prepration.

I found the post very informative and practical.

I’m the process of constructing my research design and I want to know if the data analysis I plan to present in my thesis defense proposal possibly change especially after I gathered the data already.

Thank you so much this site is such a life saver. How I wish 1-1 coaching is available in our country but sadly it’s not.

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1 Objective and subjective research perspectives

Research in social science requires the collection of data in order to understand a phenomenon. This can be done in a number of ways, and will depend on the state of existing knowledge of the topic area. The researcher can:

• Explore a little known issue. The researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to understand more about it (exploratory research).
• Connect ideas to understand the relationships between the different aspects of an issue, i.e. explain what is going on (explanatory research).
• Describe what is happening in more detail and expand the initial understanding (explicatory or descriptive research).

Exploratory research is often done through observation and other methods such as interviews or surveys that allow the researcher to gather preliminary information.

Explanatory research, on the other hand, generally tests hypotheses about cause and effect relationships. Hypotheses are statements developed by the researcher that will be tested during the research. The distinction between exploratory and explanatory research is linked to the distinction between inductive and deductive research. Explanatory research tends to be deductive and exploratory research tends to be inductive. This is not always the case but, for simplicity, we shall not explore the exceptions here.

Descriptive research may support an explanatory or exploratory study. On its own, descriptive research is not sufficient for an academic project. Academic research is aimed at progressing current knowledge.

The perspective taken by the researcher also depends on whether the researcher believes that there is an objective world out there that can be objectively known; for example, profit can be viewed as an objective measure of business performance. Alternatively the researcher may believe that concepts such as ‘culture’, ‘motivation’, ‘leadership’, ‘performance’ result from human categorisation of the world and that their ‘meaning’ can change depending on the circumstances. For example, performance can mean different things to different people. For one it may refer to a hard measure such as levels of sales. For another it may include good relationships with customers. According to this latter view, a researcher can only take a subjective perspective because the nature of these concepts is the result of human processes. Subjective research generally refers to the subjective experiences of research participants and to the fact that the researcher’s perspective is embedded within the research process, rather than seen as fully detached from it.

On the other hand, objective research claims to describe a true and correct reality, which is independent of those involved in the research process. Although this is a simplified view of the way in which research can be approached, it is an important distinction to think about. Whether you think about your research topic in objective or subjective terms will determine the development of the research questions, the type of data collected, the methods of data collection and analysis you adopt and the conclusions that you draw. This is why it is important to consider your own perspective when planning your project.

Subjective research is generally referred to as phenomenological research. This is because it is concerned with the study of experiences from the perspective of an individual, and emphasises the importance of personal perspectives and interpretations. Subjective research is generally based on data derived from observations of events as they take place or from unstructured or semi-structured interviews. In unstructured interviews the questions emerged from the discussion between the interviewer and the interviewee. In semi-structured interviews the interviewer prepares an outline of the interview topics or general questions, adding more as needs emerged during the interview. Structured interviews include the full list of questions. Interviewers do not deviate from this list. Subjective research can also be based on examinations of documents. The researcher will attribute personal interpretations of the experiences and phenomena during the process of both collecting and analysing data. This approach is also referred to as interpretivist research. Interpretivists believe that in order to understand and explain specific management and HR situations, one needs to focus on the viewpoints, experiences, feelings and interpretations of the people involved in the specific situation.

Conversely, objective research tends to be modelled on the methods of the natural sciences such as experiments or large scale surveys. Objective research seeks to establish law-like generalisations which can be applied to the same phenomenon in different contexts. This perspective, which privileges objectivity, is called positivism and is based on data that can be subject to statistical analysis and generalisation. Positivist researchers use quantitative methodologies, which are based on measurement and numbers, to collect and analyse data. Interpretivists are more concerned with language and other forms of qualitative data, which are based on words or images. Having said that, researchers using objectivist and positivist assumptions sometimes use qualitative data while interpretivists sometimes use quantitative data. (Quantitative and qualitative methodologies will be discussed in more detail in the final part of this course.) The key is to understand the perspective you intend to adopt and realise the limitations and opportunities it offers. Table 1 compares and contrasts the perspectives of positivism and interpretivism.

Some textbooks include the realist perspective or discuss constructivism, but, for the purpose of your work-based project, you do not need to engage with these other perspectives. This course keeps the discussion of research perspectives to a basic level.

Search and identify two articles that are based on your research topic. Ideally you may want to identify one article based on quantitative and one based on qualitative methodologies.

Now answer the following questions:

• In what ways are the two studies different (excluding the research focus)?
• Which research perspective do the author/s in article 1 take in their study (i.e. subjective or objective or in other words, phenomenological/interpretivist or positivist)?
• What elements (e.g. specific words, sentences, research questions) in the introduction reveal the approach taken by the authors?
• Which research perspective do the author/s in article 2 take in their study (i.e. subjective or objective, phenomenological/interpretivist or positivist)?
• What elements (e.g. specific words, sentences, research questions) in the introduction and research questions sections reveal the approach taken by the authors?

This activity has helped you to distinguish between objective and subjective research by recognising the type of language and the different ways in which objectivists/positivists and subjectivists/interpretivists may formulate their research aims. It should also support the development of your personal preference on objective or subjective research.

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Research Methods – Types, Examples and Guide

Research Methods

Definition:

Research Methods refer to the techniques, procedures, and processes used by researchers to collect , analyze, and interpret data in order to answer research questions or test hypotheses. The methods used in research can vary depending on the research questions, the type of data that is being collected, and the research design.

Types of Research Methods

Types of Research Methods are as follows:

Qualitative research Method

Qualitative research methods are used to collect and analyze non-numerical data. This type of research is useful when the objective is to explore the meaning of phenomena, understand the experiences of individuals, or gain insights into complex social processes. Qualitative research methods include interviews, focus groups, ethnography, and content analysis.

Quantitative Research Method

Quantitative research methods are used to collect and analyze numerical data. This type of research is useful when the objective is to test a hypothesis, determine cause-and-effect relationships, and measure the prevalence of certain phenomena. Quantitative research methods include surveys, experiments, and secondary data analysis.

Mixed Method Research

Mixed Method Research refers to the combination of both qualitative and quantitative research methods in a single study. This approach aims to overcome the limitations of each individual method and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the research topic. This approach allows researchers to gather both quantitative data, which is often used to test hypotheses and make generalizations about a population, and qualitative data, which provides a more in-depth understanding of the experiences and perspectives of individuals.

Key Differences Between Research Methods

The following Table shows the key differences between Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Research Methods

Examples of Research Methods

Examples of Research Methods are as follows:

Qualitative Research Example:

A researcher wants to study the experience of cancer patients during their treatment. They conduct in-depth interviews with patients to gather data on their emotional state, coping mechanisms, and support systems.

Quantitative Research Example:

A company wants to determine the effectiveness of a new advertisement campaign. They survey a large group of people, asking them to rate their awareness of the product and their likelihood of purchasing it.

Mixed Research Example:

A university wants to evaluate the effectiveness of a new teaching method in improving student performance. They collect both quantitative data (such as test scores) and qualitative data (such as feedback from students and teachers) to get a complete picture of the impact of the new method.

Applications of Research Methods

Research methods are used in various fields to investigate, analyze, and answer research questions. Here are some examples of how research methods are applied in different fields:

• Psychology : Research methods are widely used in psychology to study human behavior, emotions, and mental processes. For example, researchers may use experiments, surveys, and observational studies to understand how people behave in different situations, how they respond to different stimuli, and how their brains process information.
• Sociology : Sociologists use research methods to study social phenomena, such as social inequality, social change, and social relationships. Researchers may use surveys, interviews, and observational studies to collect data on social attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
• Medicine : Research methods are essential in medical research to study diseases, test new treatments, and evaluate their effectiveness. Researchers may use clinical trials, case studies, and laboratory experiments to collect data on the efficacy and safety of different medical treatments.
• Education : Research methods are used in education to understand how students learn, how teachers teach, and how educational policies affect student outcomes. Researchers may use surveys, experiments, and observational studies to collect data on student performance, teacher effectiveness, and educational programs.
• Business : Research methods are used in business to understand consumer behavior, market trends, and business strategies. Researchers may use surveys, focus groups, and observational studies to collect data on consumer preferences, market trends, and industry competition.
• Environmental science : Research methods are used in environmental science to study the natural world and its ecosystems. Researchers may use field studies, laboratory experiments, and observational studies to collect data on environmental factors, such as air and water quality, and the impact of human activities on the environment.
• Political science : Research methods are used in political science to study political systems, institutions, and behavior. Researchers may use surveys, experiments, and observational studies to collect data on political attitudes, voting behavior, and the impact of policies on society.

Purpose of Research Methods

Research methods serve several purposes, including:

• Identify research problems: Research methods are used to identify research problems or questions that need to be addressed through empirical investigation.
• Develop hypotheses: Research methods help researchers develop hypotheses, which are tentative explanations for the observed phenomenon or relationship.
• Collect data: Research methods enable researchers to collect data in a systematic and objective way, which is necessary to test hypotheses and draw meaningful conclusions.
• Analyze data: Research methods provide tools and techniques for analyzing data, such as statistical analysis, content analysis, and discourse analysis.
• Test hypotheses: Research methods allow researchers to test hypotheses by examining the relationships between variables in a systematic and controlled manner.
• Draw conclusions : Research methods facilitate the drawing of conclusions based on empirical evidence and help researchers make generalizations about a population based on their sample data.
• Enhance understanding: Research methods contribute to the development of knowledge and enhance our understanding of various phenomena and relationships, which can inform policy, practice, and theory.

When to Use Research Methods

Research methods are used when you need to gather information or data to answer a question or to gain insights into a particular phenomenon.

Here are some situations when research methods may be appropriate:

• To investigate a problem : Research methods can be used to investigate a problem or a research question in a particular field. This can help in identifying the root cause of the problem and developing solutions.
• To gather data: Research methods can be used to collect data on a particular subject. This can be done through surveys, interviews, observations, experiments, and more.
• To evaluate programs : Research methods can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a program, intervention, or policy. This can help in determining whether the program is meeting its goals and objectives.
• To explore new areas : Research methods can be used to explore new areas of inquiry or to test new hypotheses. This can help in advancing knowledge in a particular field.
• To make informed decisions : Research methods can be used to gather information and data to support informed decision-making. This can be useful in various fields such as healthcare, business, and education.

Advantages of Research Methods

Research methods provide several advantages, including:

• Objectivity : Research methods enable researchers to gather data in a systematic and objective manner, minimizing personal biases and subjectivity. This leads to more reliable and valid results.
• Replicability : A key advantage of research methods is that they allow for replication of studies by other researchers. This helps to confirm the validity of the findings and ensures that the results are not specific to the particular research team.
• Generalizability : Research methods enable researchers to gather data from a representative sample of the population, allowing for generalizability of the findings to a larger population. This increases the external validity of the research.
• Precision : Research methods enable researchers to gather data using standardized procedures, ensuring that the data is accurate and precise. This allows researchers to make accurate predictions and draw meaningful conclusions.
• Efficiency : Research methods enable researchers to gather data efficiently, saving time and resources. This is especially important when studying large populations or complex phenomena.
• Innovation : Research methods enable researchers to develop new techniques and tools for data collection and analysis, leading to innovation and advancement in the field.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Original research article.

This article is part of the research topic.

Mendelian Randomization and Cardiovascular Diseases

No causal association between the volume of strenuous exercise and coronary atherosclerosis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study Provisionally Accepted

• 1 Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, China
• 2 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China
• 3 Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Objective: Several observational studies have shown that high-volume and high-intensity exercise training increases the prevalence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis, but the causal effect still remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between the volume of strenuous exercise (SE) and coronary atherosclerosis (CA) using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method.The exposure factors were two basic parameters of the volume of strenuous exercise (duration and frequency of strenuous exercise), the outcome factor was coronary atherosclerosis, and the relevant genetic loci were extracted from the summary data of the genome-wide association study (GWAS) as the instrumental variables, and MR analyses were performed using the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, the weighted median method, and the MR-egger method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using heterogeneity analysis, pleiotropy analysis, and the "leave-one-out" method. The original results were tested using other coronary atherosclerosis data sets.Result: IVW results showed no causal association between duration of strenuous exercise (DOSE) [OR=0.9937, 95% CI (0.9847, 1.0028), P=0.1757] and frequency of strenuous exercise (FOSE) in the last 4 weeks [OR=0.9930, 95% CI (0.9808, 1.0054), P=0.2660] and coronary atherosclerosis. All of the above results were validated with other coronary atherosclerosis data sets.The present study supports that the causal association of duration and frequency of SE with CA was not found, and provides valuable insights into the choice of scientific and correct volume of SE to cardiac rehabilitation (CR).

Keywords: Mendelian randomization, the volume of strenuous exercise, Coronary atherosclerosis, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Genome-Wide Association Study, High-intensity interval training

Received: 26 Nov 2023; Accepted: 11 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Xiao, Huang, Li, Wang, Zheng, Li, Gong, Lv and Li. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Mx. Jingjun Li, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China

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Impact of FDA’s Regulatory Actions on the Quality of REMS Survey Methodology Protocols (2007 – 2020)

2021 FDA Science Forum

Measuring patients' and healthcare providers' understanding of serious risk messages using knowledge surveys is a widely used method to evaluate the effectiveness of risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS). To improve the quality of REMS survey protocols, FDA conducted a workshop and published a draft guidance to industry.

To evaluate the impact of FDA’s regulatory actions of the 2012 Public Workshop on “REMS Assessments: Social Science…” and the 2019 draft Guidance “REMS Survey Methodologies…” on the quality of survey methodology protocols submitted to the agency over time since REMS legislation (2007).

A content analysis of REMS survey methodology protocols submitted to FDA for single product REMS with Elements to Assure Safe Use (ETASU) requiring knowledge assessment using a survey, was conducted (N=40 programs, 78 protocols). Each protocol was scored against 52 core scientific elements described in the draft guidance grouped into six domains: study background (n=5), study design (n=18), survey instrument (n=9), participant recruitment (n=7), survey administration (n=9), statistical analysis plan (n=4). Mean scores were segmented by three different time period reflecting regulatory actions: (1) 09/2007-10/2012; (2) 10/2012-03/2019; (3) 03/2019 -12/2020; and statistically compared using ANOVA adjusting for multiple comparisons (Tukey’s HSD).

Overall, mean scores improved significantly over time (p<0.0001): 28.03 (SD= 5.12 period 1), 31.68 (SD=3.72 period 2), 39.00 (SD=2.56 period 3). Survey administration and statistical analysis plan were the greatest improvements after the 2012 Workshop (p<0.0001, p=0.0164, respectively) whilst study design, survey administration and statistical analysis plan saw the greatest improvement after draft Guidance published (p=0.0042, p=0.0003, p=0.0017 respectively). Among the domains study design, survey instrument, participant recruitment, survey administration and statistical analysis plan improved significantly over time (p=0.0041, p=0.0177, p=0.0026, p<0.0001 and p<0.0001 respectively). Despite improvement over time, the maximum quality score a protocol received was 42 out of 52. Core elements that did not improve include knowledge threshold justification, sampling frame justification and sample size justification based on sampling design.

The scientific rigor of survey protocols submitted to FDA improved over time. Evidence suggests the public workshop and draft guidance were associated with a positive impact, but scientific quality gaps remain.

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Why are research objectives important? Research objectives are important because they: Establish the scope and depth of your project: This helps you avoid unnecessary research. It also means that your research methods and conclusions can easily be evaluated.; Contribute to your research design: When you know what your objectives are, you have a clearer idea of what methods are most appropriate ...

A: Revising research objectives during the study is acceptable in situations when the selected methodology is not progressing toward achieving the objective, or if there are challenges pertaining to resources, etc. One thing to keep in mind is the time and resources you would have to complete your research after revising the objectives.

Research Objectives. Research objectives refer to the specific goals or aims of a research study. They provide a clear and concise description of what the researcher hopes to achieve by conducting the research.The objectives are typically based on the research questions and hypotheses formulated at the beginning of the study and are used to guide the research process.

A research objective is defined as a clear and concise statement of the specific goals and aims of a research study. It outlines what the researcher intends to accomplish and what they hope to learn or discover through their research. Research objectives are crucial for guiding the research process and ensuring that the study stays focused and ...

What is research methodology? Research methodology simply refers to the practical "how" of a research study. More specifically, it's about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results that address the research aims, objectives and research questions. Specifically, how the researcher went about deciding:

A clear, unambiguous research aim coupled with a precise statement of research objectives will provide you with an initial sense of direction. It will enable you to design the research project, selecting the most appropriate methods. It will also provide the basis for managing the research once the project is underway.

INTRODUCTION. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses.1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results.3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the ...

Even though methodological studies can be conducted on qualitative or mixed methods research, this paper focuses on and draws examples exclusively from quantitative research. The objectives of this paper are to provide some insights on how to conduct methodological studies so that there is greater consistency between the research questions ...

Research methodology refers to the system of procedures, techniques, and tools used to carry out a research study. It encompasses the overall approach, including the research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and the interpretation of findings. Research methodology plays a crucial role in the field of research, as it ...

An in-depth analysis of information creates space for generating new questions, concepts and understandings. The main objective of research is to explore the unknown and unlock new possibilities. It's an essential component of success. Over the years, businesses have started emphasizing the need for research.

Steps in General Research Methodology. In other words, (formulation) there are six steps in the development of a research project which have general applicability: ... an objective view of the social sciences and set out to explain and predict by measured consistency and causality using objective methods. In the last half of XX century ...

How to choose a research methodology? Here are some important factors to consider when choosing a research methodology: 8 Research objectives, aims, and questions—these would help structure the research design.; Review existing literature to identify any gaps in knowledge.; Check the statistical requirements—if data-driven or statistical results are needed then quantitative research is the ...

Meaning of Research Methodology. Aims and Objectives of Research methodology. Develops better Insight into Topic. Provides Systematic Structure. Enhance the Research Quality. Derive Better Solutions. Aids in Decision Making. Inculcates logical and systematic Thinking.

Background Methodological studies - studies that evaluate the design, analysis or reporting of other research-related reports - play an important role in health research. They help to highlight issues in the conduct of research with the aim of improving health research methodology, and ultimately reducing research waste. Main body We provide an overview of some of the key aspects of ...

Qualitative Research Methodology. This is a research methodology that involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data such as words, images, and observations. This type of research is often used to explore complex phenomena, to gain an in-depth understanding of a particular topic, and to generate hypotheses.

Choosing the right methodology for your research also involves looking at the approaches used by other researchers in the field, and studies with similar research aims and objectives to yours. Oftentimes, within a discipline, there is a common methodological approach (or set of approaches) used in studies.

Conversely, objective research tends to be modelled on the methods of the natural sciences such as experiments or large scale surveys. Objective research seeks to establish law-like generalisations which can be applied to the same phenomenon in different contexts.

"Truth" is deductively determined using objective research methods (data collection and analysis) and the researcher remains value free throughout the entire research process. The stance of the researcher is an etic (outsider) one, and the research design is systematic and replicable. Data collected are represented in numerical form and are ...

Objective: Several observational studies have shown that high-volume and high-intensity exercise training increases the prevalence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis, but the causal effect still remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between the volume of strenuous exercise (SE) and coronary atherosclerosis (CA) using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method ...

This study evaluated the impact of the FDA's regulatory activities on the quality of REMS survey methodology protocols submitted to the Agency between 2007 and 2020, based on the quality metrics ...